Term
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Definition
| An arbitrary system that communicates meaning through a particular set of symbols |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 parts of language? |
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Definition
| pragmatics, semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology |
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Definition
the aspect of language that focuses on how language is used functionally and socially
ex) changing speech in different situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the meaning of language expressions |
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Term
| How could semantic processing be disrupted in speakers with language disorders? |
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Definition
Ex) "Say baseball" "Babe Ruth"
"Say camel" "horse" |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of language that carries a semantic interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of sounds that are produced in a particular language, their frequency of occurrence, and how those sounds are arranged or patterned in that language |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds produced in a particular language |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the frequency of a sound in a language or in a specific word position. Also describes how frequently two sounds occur next to each other, and the frequency with which those two sounds occur next to each other in a certain word position. |
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Term
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Definition
variation of the production of a phoneme (or)
Speech sound changes that do not change the meaning of words |
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Term
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Definition
the study of phonemes (or)
the study of the production and perception of speech sounds |
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Term
| What are the two major areas of phonetics? |
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Definition
| Articulatory and acoustic phonetics |
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Term
| What are the two less common areas of phonetics? |
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Definition
| Clinical and perceptual phonetics |
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Term
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Definition
| a system for describing the speech sounds of the world's languages |
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Term
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Definition
the smallest unit of sound that has the linguistic function of distinguishing different words (or)
the speech sound changes that change the meanings of words |
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Term
| Minimal contrasts/ minimal pairs |
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Definition
| two words that differ in only one phoneme |
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Term
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Definition
| symbols that describe allophonic characteristics |
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Term
| Why is the alphabet an inadequate system for describing speech sounds? |
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Definition
1) The alphabet uses different letters to describe the same sound
2) The alphabet may use the same letter to describe different sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Description of speech sounds according to how they are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| Description of speech sounds according to their acoustic properties |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of physics dealing with the generation and transmission of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the totality of sensory and motor processes that are involved in the planning and execution of sounds and sequences that form words |
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Term
| Articulation vs. Articulatory phonetics |
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Definition
| Articulatory phonetics emphasizes descriptions of individual sounds whereas articulation emphasizes the motor processes by which individual sounds are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| acoustic and articulatory descriptions of speech production in disordered speech production and the application of acoustic/articulatory analyses to the diagnosis and treatment of disordered speech |
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Term
| Perceptual/Auditory phonetics |
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Definition
| speech perception or the relationship between acoustic signals and perceptual responses |
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Term
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Definition
| the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language, the frequency that phonemes or phoneme combinations occur in a language, or in a particular word position |
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Term
| What are the three major functional systems of speech production? |
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Definition
| supralaryngeal, laryngeal, and respiratory |
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Term
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Definition
| oral, nasal, pharyngeal cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| larynx (controls voice, pitch, and loudness) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abdominal muscles, diaphragm, rib cage muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| number of syllables produced in a single exhalation (neurogenic populations have reduced breath group) |
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Term
| Problem with laryngeal system |
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Definition
| can be easily ruptured because of cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| potential space between vocal folds |
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Term
| Speech function of larynx |
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Definition
control voicing
control intonation |
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Term
| What are the three cavities of the supralaryngeal system (vocal tract) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
move independent of head
jaw, tongue, lips, velum |
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Term
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Definition
| directs airflow to oral or nasal cavity |
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Term
| 5 functional parts of the tongue |
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Definition
| tip, blade, dorsum, root, body |
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Term
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Definition
v- sound with smallest amount of constriction
c- associated with larger constrictions |
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Term
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Definition
| vowel sound having a single unchanging sound quality |
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Term
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Definition
| a vowel-like sound whose articulation changes from one vowel articulation to another |
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Term
| What are the 4 features used to describe vowels |
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Definition
| tongue height, tongue advancement, lip rounding, tenseness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three features for describing consonants? |
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Definition
place of artic
manner of artic
voicing |
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Term
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Definition
bilabial
labiodental
lingua-dental
lingua-alveolar
lingua-palatal
lingua-velar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| /sh/ /jj/ /djj/ /tsh/ /r/ /y/ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how constriction alters airflow |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by complete closure of vocal tract--creates stop burst |
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Term
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Definition
Does not allow for development that occurs outside of parental or environmental reinforcement
not good acquisition model
no cognitive method in models
good for speech treatment-- cinicians can use stimulus+ feedback procedure+ operant conditioning to elicit and shape correct speech sound production |
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Term
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Definition
| produced with a narrow constriction in the vocal tract through which air escapes with a continuous noise |
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Term
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Definition
| consonant produced with a complete oral closure but with an open velopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| vowel-like consonant in which energy passes through the vocal tract that is constricted only somewhat more than for vowels--two types = laterals and rhotics |
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Term
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Definition
| aka semi-vowel is characterized by a gliding from one constriction in the vocal tract to another |
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Term
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Definition
| speech sounds involving rapid production of stop sound followed by a fricative |
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Term
| Suprasegmental aspects of speech |
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Definition
segmental structure accompanied by numerous vocal effects that extend over one or more sound segments in an utterance
stress, intonation, speaking rate, juncture, vowel reduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of prominence or emphasis associated with a particular syllable in a word or a word in a phrase |
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Term
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Definition
| used when a speaker wishes to deviate from the usual or expected pattern of stress to draw attention to a word |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the intrinsic stress pattern associated with a word's production
(protest, object, project...) |
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Term
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Definition
| prominence assigned to syntactic groupings of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of pitch to fall over the course of an utterance |
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Term
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Definition
| can be used to signal to a listener that a new syntactic unit is being produced |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which speech is produced--measured in syllables/min or words/ min |
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Term
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Definition
a combination of suprasegmental features used to mark special distinctions, express grammatical divisions, or to distinguish between similar articulations
(Come on let's eat, grandma vs. Come on let's eat grandma) |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishes clear vs. conversational speech |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of a sound is influenced by nearby sounds |
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Term
| Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation |
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Definition
| An articulatory feature for a later phonetic segment is evident during the production of an earlier segment |
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Term
| Retentive (backward) coarticulation |
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Definition
| An articulatory feature from an earlier segment carries over to production of a later segment |
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Term
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Definition
Chomsky
-combo of abstract parts of language and physical aspects
-no relevance to speech development
good for adults
good for adults w/ apraxia
-lacking broad application to speech language pathology |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of underlying phonological representations and surface articulation form the structure of sounds. Also multiple linguistic factors, such as syntax and semantics contribute to phonological descriptions |
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Term
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Definition
Stampe and Ingram
-foundation for phonological processes or phonological patters
-error patterns are not random but patterned
These patterns are substituted for correct productions when a class of sounds or particular sound sequences exceed the speech capacity of an individual |
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Term
| Natural processes (or patterns) |
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Definition
| Those that are universal across languages and those that are frequently used by children |
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Term
| What are the 8 natural phonological processes proposed by Shriberg |
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Definition
| final consonant deletion, velar fronting, stopping, palatal fronting, liquid simplification, cluster reduction, assimilation, and unstressed syllable deletion |
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Term
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Definition
a hierarchical model of speech acquisition. Speech production is more than just a line of phonemes but rather is made up of many elements on many levels
-intervention focuses on speech production beyond the consonant and into the syllable shapes and stress patterns |
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Term
| What are the two main tiers of nonlinear phonology? |
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Definition
| The prosodic tier and segmental tier |
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Term
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Definition
Substituting a stop for a fricative (retains place and voicing)
ex) su produced as tu |
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Term
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Definition
simplifying consonant cluster
ex) stop produces as top |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
producing velar sounds (/k/ /g/ /ng/) more anteriorly
maintains manner and voicing
ex) get produces as det |
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Term
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Definition
producing palatal sounds as fricatives
ex) shoe produces as su |
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Term
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Definition
Sometimes called de-rhotocization
ex) Red produces as wed |
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Term
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Definition
context dependent, substitution depends on other sounds in word
ex) dog produced as dod |
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Term
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Definition
making an affricate a fricative
ex) church produced as shursh |
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Term
| Unstressed syllable deletion |
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Definition
| unstressed syllable gets dropped (aka weak syllable deletion) |
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Term
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Definition
palatal sounds produced further forward
ex) fish produced as fis |
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Term
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Definition
| Relies on the idea of constraints. Specifically markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints |
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Term
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Definition
refer to limitations of what sounds and features that can be produced
ex) a pattern that occurs often in many languages is "unmarked"
marked patterns occur less often with frequent errors |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds and features that must be preserved |
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Term
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Definition
the quality of relative loudness within a speech sound. Children who reduced word initial consonant clusters left the most sonorous consonant and deleted the least sonorous
ex) least sonorous--/th/ /v/ /f/ |
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Term
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Definition
consider the input of speech that a child hears and the output of speech that a child produces.
(children acquire the phonemes earlier that are said the most) |
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Term
| What are the 4 phases of speech sound acquisition? |
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Definition
Phase 1: Laying the Foundations for speech
Phase 2: Transitioning from words to speech
Phase 3: The growth of inventory
Phase 4: Mastery of Speech and literacy |
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Term
| Changes of infants' anatomical structure and function |
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Definition
length of the vocal tract
placement of the larynx
development of the respiratory system
development of the nervous system
precision and coordination of the tongue, lips, and jaw |
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Term
| Why is the larynx high in infancy? |
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Definition
| To give the tongue more mobility and separate breathing and swallowing |
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Term
| Human fetus can detect sounds as early as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Infants tune in to native language between... |
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Definition
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Term
| Cooing and quasi-vowel production occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sounds like constriction between tongue and velum--comes out like /k/ and then /u/ when released |
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Term
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Definition
| vowel sounds that aren't as resonant as adult vowel sounds |
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Term
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Definition
/mamama/
occurs about 1 yr old |
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Term
| What are the phonemes found in early babbling? |
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Definition
| stops, nasals, glides, and fricatives |
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Term
| what type of vowels are found in the first year? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to VOT--longer VOT is perceived as one sound, shorter VOT perceived as another sound |
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Term
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Definition
place of artic for stop consonants
ex) high /k/
middle /t/
low /p/ |
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Term
| What are the earliest acquired speech sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which speech sounds have developed by age 4? |
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Definition
nasals, stops
glides by age 3
fricatives and affricates |
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Term
| Which speech sounds are the hardest and arrive around 6 y/o? |
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Definition
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Term
| Syllable structure processes |
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Definition
Phonological processes that affect the syllabic structure
ex) final consonant deletion, cluster simplification/ reduction, weak syllable deletion |
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Term
| Which theory accounts for syllable structure processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two classifications of speech sound disorders? |
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Definition
-organic, known origin
-unknown origin (Idiopathic) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder of unknown origin |
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Term
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Definition
| dental appliance that replaces the hard palate when there are anomalies |
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Term
| What are four genetic disorders associated with difficulties in speech sound production? |
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Definition
| Down Syndrome, Fraagile X, Beckwith-Wiedermann Syndrome, Glactosemia |
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Term
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Definition
| present from birth, characterized by slow and uncoordinated speech motor movements and caused by different types of lesions, trauma, or diseases. The uncoordinated movements affect the respiratory, prosodic, phonatory, and articulatory systems |
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Term
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Definition
An impairment in motor programming, which specifically affects speech motor movement
causes sound distortions, groping behaviors, inconsistent errors |
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Term
| Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)--3 main speech differences |
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Definition
1) inconsistent errors on repeated attempts at the same words
2) difficulty with prosody in phrases and words
3) lengthened and disrupted transitions between syllables and sounds |
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Term
| Three categories of speech sound disorders of unknown origin |
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Definition
| etiological, psycholinguistic, and symptomological |
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Term
| Timeline of phonological processes |
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Definition
Age 2: assimilation and reduplication declining
Age 3-4: unstressed syllable deletion suppressed
A little before age 4: stopping suppressed
Age 4: Cluster reduction fully surpressed
Age 6: gliding suppressed |
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Term
| glides are produced at age |
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Definition
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Term
| classification of speech sound disorders by possible etiology |
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Definition
Shriberg
ex) genetic, otitis media with effusion, psychosocial, motor speech involvement, speech error-sibilants, and speech error-rhotics |
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Term
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Definition
| loud fricatvies (/s/ /sh/) |
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Term
| Speech errors- sibilants and Speech errors- rhotics |
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Definition
| try to produce speech sounds before ready causing errors |
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Term
| Percentage of children with sound disorders who have a relative with a sound disorder |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intelligibility vs. speech gap |
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Term
| classification of speech sound disorders by psycholinguistic deficit |
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Definition
| focuses on function--where is the breakdown? |
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Term
| classification of speech sound disorders based on symptomatology |
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Definition
Dodd
Articulation disorders, phonological delay, consistent phonological disorder, inconsistent phonological disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple areas of communication delay |
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Term
| The most common comorbid disorders |
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Definition
speech sound disorders and language disorders
prevalance= 2-=60% |
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Term
| Examples of comorbid disorders |
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Definition
SSD and stuttering
SSD and voice disorders
SSD and emotional/psychiatric disorders |
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Term
| What are the factors related to SSD? |
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Definition
Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Poor Speech Perception
Structural variations
Motoric abilities? |
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Term
| What is the major consequence of tongue thrust? |
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Definition
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Term
| 30-40% of children with SSD may also have... |
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Definition
| speech perception difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| tongue-tie--short frenums |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| repeated rapid production of syllables (puh, tuh, kuh) |
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Term
| Three ways tongue thrust presents |
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Definition
1) tongue has anterior gesture at the initiation of a swallow
2) tongue unnecessarily moves between or against the front teeth during speech
3) the tongue lays on or between the anterior teeth during rest |
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Term
| Which two components of language have been shown to influence phonology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors related to SSD? |
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Definition
Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Poor Speech Perception
Structural variations
Motoric abilities? |
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Term
| What are the articulatory and phonological characteristics of Down Syndrome? |
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Definition
delay in canonical babbling of 2 mos
phonological processes go beyond point where it typically ends
1 in 3 people with Down Syndrome will stutter
anatomic anomalies |
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Term
| What are the classifications of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
NSMI- no speech motor impairment
SMI-LCT- speech motor involvement language clinically typical
SMI-LCI- speech motor involvement language clinically impaired
ANAR- anarthria--unable to produce functional speech |
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Term
| What are the 3 features of CAS? |
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Definition
1) Inconsistent error production on vowels and consonants
2)Lengthened and impaired coarticulatory transitions between sounds and syllables
3) Inappropriate prosody |
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