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GOBEKLI TEPE
only 25% has been excavated tip present day
first site of monumental architecture in all of history
between tigress and euphradies river
layer III in GT is 11,000 (ca. 9600-8800 BCE, via relative dating)
-6,500 years before pyramids of giza
-5,500 years olds then writing
before metal work, domestication of animals, potery |
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MEGALITHIC
can as much as 16ft high
and weigh 16 tons
over 60 pillars excavated to date
pillars are decorated with carvings(relief like 3d pop out of the stone) of animals (wild/dangerous animals)
-found over 100k bones of wild animals
no evidence of: fire, residential structure or mess halls, or trash heaps
not close to water(nearest water source was nearly 3 kms away)
no domesticated animals or plants
no ceramics
IMPORTANCE:
-complex symbolic system
-social hierarchies
-division of labor
pillars were taken from quarry miles away |
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CATAL HUYOK
first traces of village
7400 BCE
final pass: 5700BCD
up to 8000 inhabitants
domesticated animal, potery, etcs
blocks(houses) clustered together
fixed settlements
house made of mudd brick and mortar
no big communal open spaces
they buried dead underneath the floor of the house (up to 60 bodies underneath)
“History houses” |
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| NEOLITHIC - Catal Hüyük - Deer Hunt, c. 5750, pigment on stone, This wall painting displays a huge difference from the ones produced during the Paleolithic period, as it not only shows signs of human figures but they are also appearing in large groups. figure in composite view |
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| catal huyok paintings mountain, said to be a map of the city, the mountain like drawing could possibly be a volcano circa 6150 BCE |
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stonehenge
Megalithic stones
-lintel
-post and lintel
-trilithic
use two different stones from 2 different places
sarsen stone(2500 BCE)
Bluestone (2900-2600 BCE)
had to move stones 200 miles from quarry to stonehenge, had to be a network of communication
alignment with the mid summer solstice
evidence for cremation human burial, continues use for burial |
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Narmer Palette 3000-2920 OLD KINGDOM
predynastic
unification of lower and upper egypt, he wears both crown of egypt under pharoah Narmer
composite portraits, use of registers
found inan early temple of the falcon god Horus at the site of Hierakonpolis
meant to showthe power of the king and his connection to the gods(Horus shown as a falcon) |
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DJOSER
Step pyramid in Saqqara by artist Imhotep, to be more like palace for the after life, had a temple in his pyramid, space where they ca offer rituals, etc Serdab, where preserved statue of him so that his spirit (the life of a Egyptian is preserved after death in the KA)
transition from mastabas to pramids |
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Final step in evolution of burial,
Khafre: second biggest pyramid with two temples
Sphinx: limestone statue, head from a stronger material nemes is a headdress, his tatue is idealized, subtractive method
THE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
Khufu: the biggest pyramid with mastabas for nobles and family member and smaller pyramids for other less important family members
Menkaure: had smaller pyramids next to it for family members double portrait of his wife, found traces of red, stances with one leg out and she is holding his waste to show marital status |
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| quarry near the pyramids of giza where they would of cut and dug up the giant stone blocks and then rollerd them possibly on logs to the site |
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Built the pyramid from inside out using internal ramps, they were bulit by paid workers (EAST TOWN AND WEST TOWN
found village remains, lots of pig bones in east town, found barracks where people slept ini p to 1,200 people, found bakeries, and found stuff of beer) |
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| Statue of Pharoah Kafre (second pyramids) 2500 BCE the middle of the Fourth Dynasty It can be used to exemplify the treatment of the free-standing figure in Egyptian art, would of been part of the funerary temple, which help the KA. Dtaue is made of diorite and is very stylized pefrect muscle and stuff, also he is also wearing the nemes and ceremonial beard |
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Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen
carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE,(old kingdom 4th dynasty) the rigid poses of the figures, an unwavering conformity to rules and established conventions which are interpreted both as manifesting the nature of the pharaoh's authority over his subjects and by extension as embodying the highly regulated, hierarchical structure of Ancient Egyptian society.
double portrait of his wife, found traces of red, stances with one leg out and she is holding his waste to show marital status |
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sphinx with king Khafre's face
limestone statue, head from a stronger material
nemes is a headdress, his tatue is idealized, subtractive method |
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Hatshepsut (1473-1458) 15th century 18th dynasty new kingdom
her father is Thutmose 1, she marries her half brother and has a son , when her husband dies after ruling for 14 years, she co rules because her son is underage
She is considered a pharaoh and has statues of her like the one where she's praying shows she's religious |
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Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut [ 18th dynasty carved into mountain, Colonnade,how to process through a temple, made of 3 levels, Amun-Re, Hapshe[ut is connected to Amun-Re and her temple celebrates them both ]
in the valley of kings |
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]Temple of Ramses II 1290-1224 19th dynasty
Abu Simbel
“Son of Ra: Ramses Meryamum(beloved of amun) as long as the skies exists, your monument shall exist, your name shall exist...” had 4 giant statues is front of the temple
8 pillers inside of dieties with ramese face on them, such pillar could of been male(antlatid ) or female(caryatids) |
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from the era of Pharoah Ramses II, from around 1391-1351 BC founded in the Middle Kingdom by the second ruler of the 12th Dynasty, Senusret II (ca. 1971-1928 BC), and marked the ascent of the deity Amun
The Hypostyle hall, at 54,000 square feet with 134 columns
main statue was hidden. in the back of the temple and only highlriest who cared for the statue and kings who would questions had any contact with it
artificial lake created by tuthmosis III |
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Akhenaten - meaning "living spirit of Aten" - known before as Amenhotep IV, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten
he wanted to be potrayed. ompletely differently that pharoah in the past and its symbic of the change he brought to the kingdom
no longer idealized male for now with a belly hips, and longer face different features that make it obvious of the new kingdom
he was the 10th king of the 18th dynasty born to amenhotep III and quen Tiye |
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| House Altar sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, limestone, New Kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty, c.1353-35 BCE (Ägyptisches Museum/Neues Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) |
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| neferreti, new kingdom wife of Akhenaten |
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| King tut's sarcophagus opposite of his dad who tried to establish monotheism in the god aten, now bring back many gods belief in amun ra, New kingdom , 18thdynasty 15th century, married his sister |
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| this wooden chest, which was found in the Antechamber, illustrates the innovation of the frenzied battle. A fierce confrontation takes place on both sides of the box; pictured here is the king in his chariot fighting against the Asiatics. order shown by registers vs chaos of the enemy, king tut would of never been in battle new kingdom |
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| chair found in king tuts tomb, shows tut and his sister/wife, return to traditional depiction of people, rejection of his father's style |
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Cycladic art , burial goods Figurine of a woman, from Syros (Cyclades), Greece, ca. 2600
possibly painted on mouth and eyes |
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Cycladic art, burial goods, a musician
Male harp player, from Keros (Cyclades), Greece, ca. 2600-2300 BCE. Marble, 9″ high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens. |
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| minoan palace of knossos, central court yard rather than megaron, not a fortress or anything, on the island of crete, during the bronze age, 1375 end of minoan civilizatioN(abandonment) , later distroyed by volcano eruption of Thera, administration building the island of crete |
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| 13th century BC less organized, graves inside the city wall as well as outside, think walls to avoid attackers/intruders, central megaron, cyclopean masonry large stones, lions bridge, |
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| minoan bull leaping fresco, Bull leaping" fresco (painted plaster) from a wall of the Palace at Knossos. The red figure is probably male (its hands probably not on the back of the bull as it should, maybe so to reduce the height of the image), the white figures female (a color convention in Minoan painting). 17th-15th centuries BC. |
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| The Minoan stone vessel known as the 'Harvester Vase', from Hagia Triada on Crete, 1500-1450 BCE. The vase is carved from serpentine |
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lion's bridge, cyclopean masonry, Mycenae, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E. used to terrify enemies
relieving triangle, for post and lintel system |
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Warriors Vase, Mycenae, Greece, 1200 BCE
Ancient Aegean - Mycenaean
WARRIOR VASE
Mycenae, Greece
1200 BCE
Terracotta
difference between myceanian and minoan culure, mycenae is more military oriended
Late helladic(bronze age of mainland greece) potery |
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Mycenean- artreus treasury (tholos tomb)
cut into the side of a mountain,
bronze age of greece 13th century BCE
looted in antiquity |
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Ancient Aegean - Mycenaea
FUNERY MASK, GRAVE CIRCLE A
Mycenae, Greece
1600 - 1500 BCE
Repoussé (beaten gold) |
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| minoan fresco from Maiden plucking saffron flowers from rocks. She wears the typical flounced dress of Minoan ladies (as with Egyptian art, women are painted white by convention; men are red) minoan island of crete |
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dipylon Geometric Krater
740 BCE
Geometric period
Athens, Greek
ceramic
stylized figures--simplifying body into triangle forms, similar to Cycladic figure
registers-- similar to Standard of Ur |
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Mantiklos Apollo
700-680 BCE
Orientalizing Greek
Thebes, Greece
bronze\additive method |
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Achilles and Ajax Playing a Dice Game
540-530 BCE
Archaic Greek
Vulci, Italy
Athenian black-figure amphora
painted by Exekias |
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Euphronias krater
late 6th and early 5th century BC
death of sarpedon |
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"Metropolitan" (NY)Kouros, Greek, Early Archaic, c. 600 BCE.
Egyptian like pose, with left foot out but no movement of the hips |
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Calf baares, the archaic smile, trying to make him alive
votive statue offered to athena by rombos 570-560 BC, Greece, Greek civilization, 6th century BC |
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Kroisos Kouros
540–515 BC
a grave marker
slight archaic smile, more realistic proportions and muscle definition |
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female korai probably some sort of deity connection to death
Funerary statute of a Woman holding a pomegranate (so-called "Berlin Goddess"). Attic, 1st half 6th BCE. From a cemetery at Olympos, near Keratea, Southern Attica, Greece. Although long thought to re-resent a goddess, the statue shows rather a woman from a wealthy famly shown as Persephone, the spouse of Hade
wearing layers of clothes archaic period |
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Statue of Persephone or Kore. c.530 BC. Athens, museum of the Acropolis.Statue of Persephone or Kore. c.530 BC. Athens, museum of the Acropolis, shows more female figure, less clothes
archaic period |
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Siphnian Treasury at Delphi
erected 530 BC
caryatids holding pomegranites |
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| Fallen Warrior from the west pediment from the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina. older from the 6th century bc, using archaic style as opposed to the east pediment which was created in the firth century in which they lost the archaic smile |
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| Group of sculptures from West pediment of Temple of Zeus in Olympia, 472-456 BC, Greece, Greek civilization, 5th century BC |
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| "Kritios Boy", c. 480 B.C. Early Classical period(late archaic period) in greece by Ephebos, begins of the contraposto pose |
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Doryphoros, polykietos the canon spear bearer, contraposto, relaxed facial expression more defintion of anatomy
c450-440 BC 4th century |
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| Diadoumenos (young man tying a flllet around hus head )marble copy of bronze statue attributed to polyklietos , in motion, tying fillet around his head |
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Myron, Diskobolos, Roman copy of a Greek Original of c. 460 B.C 4th century
temple of hera olympia
2 intersecting arcs, almost composite, right before action, concentration, , focus on how body changes in movement |
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hermes and infant dionysus
Temple of hera olympia
4th century
340 BCE two people narrative, more sensitivity and dreaminess, taller |
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Aphrodite of Knidos By Praxiteles
first nude female statue 360 and 330 BCE.
new canon for proportions, hydra for water so she's bathing, meant ti to be sensuous but not erotic, |
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Weary Harakles How to humanize the gods shows more emotion weakness
4th century late classical period
by lysippos |
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Charioteer of Delphi, c. 478-474 B.C.E., bronze (lost wax cast) with silver, glass and copper inlay
temple of apollo
has eyelashes
not a sense of movement, would of been to show a victory |
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| male bronze statue, found in sunken ship near riace early classical severe style |
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ACROPOLIS
the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheum and the Temple of Athena Nike, mixed both doric and ionic columns |
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Doric
order of choice for mainland greece
convex cushion like capitals
the alter was on the outside (facing the rising sun in the east)
greeks gathered outside for worship, inside was the cult statue of the diety, temple was the house of the god or goddess not of the followers
retains megaron’s simplicity (Mycenaean culture)
sense of proportion, effort tot achieve ideal forms in terms of regular numerical relationships and geometric rules
figural sculptures as votive offering were places in the exterior of the temple
temples usually placed on hills above the city
architectural sculpture placed in frieze and pediments(places with no structural function) like the voids of the metopes and pediments and they were painted like the free staining ones
depended on clarity and balance |
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| dimensions of parthenon greek obsession with propositions and symmetry |
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and his Horses and Dionysus from the East Pediment of the Parthenon
435 bc 5th century |
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doric pillars in the parthenon
high classicle period
doric column and metopes and pediment |
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Statue of athena parthenos by phiedias
447-435 bc 5th century
gold and ivory
in the cella of the parthenon |
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| Metope III from the Parthenon marbles depicting part of the battle between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. 5th century BC. Athens |
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| horses in march frieze, procession for the birthday celebration of athena along the frieze of the parthenon 5th century, high classical period |
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| temple of athena nike in the acropolis 447-438 b.c.e. |
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| occasionally the ionic architects replaced columns with female figures(caryatids) Metope III from the Parthenon marbles depicting part of the battle between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. 5th century BC. Athens |
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