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| A system of writing that utilizes symbols that mean certain things. |
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| Styles of art. Formal opts for presenting a form of reality; leans towards ideal looks and symbolic appearances. Natural opts to present things more as they are; truer to life. Formal VS Natural is all relative; Egyptian tomb paintings are more formal than the Doryphoros, which is more formal than the Veristic bust sculptures of Rome. |
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| Describes a painted or relief piece in which a single character is shown several times in the piece, in a different situation at each location. |
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| Support system of architecture. Posts hold up beams, which hold up the roof. It's usually made of wood these days. |
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| Two posts hold up a lintel, which is a big horizontal stone, in the case of the aegeans. In actuality, the Post-and-Lintel is another name for the Post-and-beam system. |
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| A big stone. Possibly where they got the idea to change Rockman into Megaman. |
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| A flat stone, usually used to mark or commemorate something. |
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| The world's fanciest name for a Tombstone. |
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| A flat ceiling held up by columns. Interestingly, the example given is the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, which is a bit misleading, because that Hypostyle hall has a clerestory as well... What's a clerestory, eh? |
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| Clerestory/Clerestory lighting |
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Definition
| The clerestory is a raised central portion of a building, usually seen in linear building plans. Usually windows are placed in this raised portion of the building, which allows good light to shine in from above. Hence, Clerestory Lighting. |
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| Monochromatic/Polychromatic |
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| Break the word down into individual parts: chromatic is synnonymous to color, so essentially, these words mean mono-color and poly-color/multi-color. Quite self explanatory, refers to most painted art mediums. |
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| Greek for flesh eater... IT'S A GREEK ZOMBIE! RUN!! No, not really. It's actually a word that refers to an elaborate stone coffin. |
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| A stone used in architecture. It's a key component to roman concrete, and even alone is quite good, being strong enough, and also on the lighter side of weight. |
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| A stone used in architecture. It's strong, dark, and hard... But also HEAVY! Thus, it had it's applications to the lower parts of buildings. |
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| A stone that was used actually quite rarely. The reason for this is because Diorite is unbelievably hard, which made it impossible for most ancient civilizations to work with. However, the Egyptians somehow found a way, so Diorite is found in some of their pieces. |
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| The old-kingdom egyptian tomb. These were basically big, trapezoid-shaped buildings with flat roofs. The predecessor to the famous pyramids. |
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| A rule for proportions in human shape. This is what Polykleitos was so famous for with his Doryphoros, because it presented his Canon visually. |
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| Homer was an Greek epic poet, who wrote the Illiad/Odyssey; a Greek myth that tells of tales relating to the Trojan war or something. |
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| This is actually a mythological period of time, which refers to the period during which the Illiad and Odyssey took place. |
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| The terrible, gigantic maze, built by Daedalus to contain the terrible man with a bulls head. They weren't aware that he was not a sarcophagus; in fact, he was a vegan. :( |
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| Refers quite specifically to painting on limestone walls. Common in Greek and Rome societies. |
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| In this situation, Corbels are stones that distinctly jut out beyond the previous stone. Corbelling is when you use Corbels to create a sort of primitive archway. The Aegeans created it, the Greeks seemed to forget it existed, and then the Romans mastered it. |
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| Using the Corbelling system to create a primitive arch. The result is the Corbeled arch. |
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| A term invented by the Greeks, who believed in one-eyed giants called Cyclops. The Greeks thought that these giants had built gigantic fortresses using gigantic stones, and knew not how any normal person could've moved them! In actuality, Cyclopean Masonry actually refers to masonry done by Aegeans years before the Greek civilization really began. |
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| Can pretty much be considered modern masonry; Ashlar Masonry utilizes regular bricks to create walls, instead of haphazardly shaped stones. |
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| A generic term used to refer to any circular temple design in Greek context. |
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| This term refers to the round, buried mounds that the Aegeans created. They were vaulted dome-like structures, and are quite impressive in size. The keystone example of a Tholos Tomb is the Treasury of Atreus, at Mycenae. |
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| In our context, the Dromos refers to the entryway into a Tholos Tomb. |
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Let's break it down again:
Polis = City
Acro = Gods/High
Necro = Dead.
Thus, the two mean the "City of the Gods" and "City of the Dead". Basically, they refer to intricate complexes used to commemorate the gods or dead. Our key example Acropolis is the Acropolis in Athens. |
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| Red-Figure painting is when figures on the vase are actually not colored in; instead, the painter paints all of the background black! This allowed for greater detail on figures and even a degree of shading. The more advanced of the two vase painting modes. |
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| Black-Figure painting involves painting black figures onto your vase, and keeping the backdrop of the vase white. This was the less advanced of the two vase-painting modes. |
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| Means "Counterweight"; a method of putting a statue into a dynamic pose; it was meant to show that the weight shift of a statue was realistic, with one leg carrying more of the weight on the other. Everything was shown; weight shift in the hips, in the torso, shoulders, legs, arms, everything. Of course, this system was developed by Mr. Polykleitos himself. |
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| A term for a young man in Greek. Like most romantic languages, the 2nd 'O' in Kouros seems to indicate masculinity, so keep that in mind! |
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| A term for a young woman in Greek language. Just remember that the "Peplos Kore" is a woman in a dress, and not a man in a dress, and you'll be fine with what the word Kore means. |
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| The garment of many folk in Greek culture. The Chiton was the base of it all; a flowing garment worn on the body. The Himation was an extra sash that could be worn on the shoulder. Both of these garments are unisex. |
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| A fairly simple dress for female citizens. This one seems to be the only piece of clothing assigned to a certain gender. |
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| A ceremony held in athens, where a ton of people parade through the streets, leading from the gate all the way up to the Acropolis, to the Parthenon, in which the people of Greece replace Athena's himation on her wooden statue. |
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| I dunno. Something like a recessed porch under a roof or something. |
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| The base that a Greek or Roman temple rests upon. Either has a single staircase leading to the entrance, or a continuous staircase all about. |
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| Little indents that run vertically on the shaft of a column. |
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| The top part of a column. The VERY top; right above the capital. |
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| The central part of the capital of a column. |
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| Entablature: Architave, Frieze, Cornice. |
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| The entire section of the Greek Temple roof that lies below the actual gable. Consists of the Cornice, Architave, and Frieze. The Arcitave is the lowest part; it's usually quite plain. The Frieze is above the Architave, and is about the same height; usually well decorated in some cases. The Cornice is a thin margin that separates the Gable roof from the rest of the entablature. |
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| A cornice shape that borders the pediment of a Greek temple Gable roof. |
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| A feature of the Frieze of a Doric order temple; they are triple-groove figures that occur at intervals on the frieze, separated by Metopes, which are plain and smooth (though they might infrequently be adorned with relief work) |
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| The end face of the gable roof of a Greek temple. Sometimes is adorned with mighty statuary, as is the case with the Parthenon in Athens. |
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| A column in the shape of a kore wearing a chiton and himation. |
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| A Greek historian or something... Did we even cover him? |
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| A burial mound. Etruscan ones conceal tombs. |
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| Two prime Etruscan stronghold locations. |
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| The process of burning a body after it's died. Was often practiced by Greeks and Romans, but not by Christians. |
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| A red, baked, unglazed clay. Used often in pottery, tiles, and rooves. It is NOT a cheese. |
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| A platform at which a priest makes speeches and stuff; particularly refers to greek temple processions. |
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| Patricians are the high class; they own land. On the other hand, Plebians are the low class; they live in apartments, and though they're free, they're not particularly powerful, and they also are pretty terrible artists. |
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| Almost 'Harsh-reality'; a style of sculpture and art used by the Romans early on, which accentuates actual facial features that people of Rome had. |
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| "Pompeian Painting Styles" |
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Definition
4 different styles:
1st style focused on the recreation of architectural elements; bricks, marble, entablature, etc.
2nd style focused on creating space with painting; illusionary space! Painted realistic scenes of happenings and locations on the walls.
3rd style went for an abstract style; impossibly thin columns and lines, which held various objects, such as trees, birds, plants, and such.
the 4th style can be considered a fusion of the previous 3 styles; some architectural features, some realistic scenes, and some fantastic abstractness. |
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| Tromp l'oeil is a french phrase that means "Trick to the eye"; basically, Illusionism is a technique of painting that involves itself with creating a seeming 3D space with a 2D painted image. |
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| A landscape that shows an ideal countryside. Mainly refers to Pompeii wall paintings. |
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| A mosaic is a flat-art medium in which small stones, or tesserae, are laid down into the wall/ground. |
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| Engaged Column/Freestanding Column |
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Definition
| An engaged column is a column that's attached to the wall. It's more or less for decoration. A freestanding column is pretty self explanatory, and usually has a distinct load-bearing property. |
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| Tufa, Travertine, and Marble |
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Definition
| Tufa is a lightweight volcanic rock, important in making concrete. Tavertine is a sedimentary rock that was also used in concrete, and was mainly involved in creating the Coliseum of Rome. Marble is pretty dang obvious, but also has some use in concrete. |
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| Roman concrete/Opus caementium |
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Definition
| Roman concrete is made from various components, such as limestone, pozzolana, and chunks of favored stone. It's a mighty creation that enabled the Romans to make very strong buildings. |
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| A key material in roman concrete. Pozzolona is volcanic ash, and reacts with water in a way that makes the paste that starts the creation of proper concrete. |
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| The process of adding an extra layer to a building for purely decorative purposes. Setting colored panels into the wall. |
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| Roman pipeline; brought gallons of water from high mountains to the cities. |
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| Vaulting: Barrel vault, Cross Vault |
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Definition
| The process of creating arched shapes supported on columns; the vault is a very strong structure. The barrel vault can best be thought of as an extended archway, whereas the cross/groin vault is an interesting vault design that has archway openings at all ends. An ideal figure for clerestory lighting. |
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| The front room of a rich man's roman house; It had an open ceiling, a pool in the middle where rainwater could collect, and was where the owner would hold meetings with public folk. |
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| Peristyle (Peristyle court/house) |
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Definition
| Peristyle is where there is a cella with columns all about the edge. They are either single layered, or double-layered columns, with 2 columns between the outside and the cella. |
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| The roman house/apartment complex in which the plebeian folk lived. |
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| A roman military outpost; the starting point for most Roman colonies. |
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| Orchestra, Auditorium, and Skene |
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Definition
All parts of a roman Theatre
Orchestra - The performance area
Auditorium - Where the people sit to watch a show.
Skene - The building behind the Orchestra, which serves primarily as a scenery backdrop. |
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Definition
| A theater is a half-circle structure, built by the Greeks, to put on drama and comedies. Usually could be built into a hillside. The Amphitheater is two theaters practically put face to face. Were only built by the Romans, because no hills could facilitate an Amphitheater properly. |
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| A long building used to hold public meetings in Roman society. Was later adapted to be Christian church designs. |
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| The ancient roman name for a public bath house. |
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| Prostyle only has columns on the front side of the cella instead of all around it. Was first found in Etruscan temples. |
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| Equivalent to Peristyle; Columns on all four sides of the Cella. |
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| Equivalent to Prostyle; columns only on one side of the cella. |
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| Two sets of columns; 1st set of columns go all around the cella, the 2nd, closer set is Dipteral, covering only the end of the cella. |
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| The central chamber of a Greek temple. Usually where the patron god's statue was kept. |
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| Orders of column; Doric is plain, Ionic is iconic, and Corinthian is salad headed. |
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Definition
| The two terms that determine the roads running through a Hippodamian plan city; Decumanus runs east-west, while the Cardo runs north-south. |
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| A roman writer and architect. He was an influential man who made many roman technologies, such as internal heating and dome techniques. |
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| Frigidarium/Caldarium/Palaestra |
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Definition
Frigidarium = The cold room of a roman Thermae
Caldarium = The hot bath room of a roman Thermae.
Palaestra = The gym area of a roman Thermae. |
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Definition
| An opening in the top of a dome that lets light in. |
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Definition
| An indent in the face of a cieling/dome that empties some space, therefore making the roof lighter. |
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| Architecture that uses a lot of archs and vaults in its design. Became much more popular with the advent of big bathhouse designs. |
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Term
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| ...What the heck, Yegul? Is this another term for the Triumphal arch, which is an arch that was made by Romans in order to commemorate a great real-life happening that involved their emperor's command, or what? |
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| A form of government that took over during the later period of the Roman empire; During the 4th century, Rome was split up between four lords that each controlled a quarter of the empire's land. This period followed the terrible internal strife that had taken place between fierce militaristic competitors for the title of emperor. |
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| The section of the Christian church in which the singers/choir sit. Usually more toward the curved end of the nave. |
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Definition
| The side hall that runs around the nave and apse. |
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| The nave is the central walkway of a longitudinal plan building. It is flanked by two smaller aisles. These two areas are usually separated by separate vaults and columns. |
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Definition
| An area set crosswise to the nave. Usually gravitates more toward the apse end. |
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| In the case of Basilicas and churches, The atrium is an open colonnaded area in front of the actual building. |
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Definition
| The entrance/lobby area of the church. |
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| The dome atop a dome/cross vault-like thing. This architectural element is used extensively in the Hagia Sophia of turkey. |
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| Central/Longitudinal Plan |
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Definition
| Two different plans of Church Building. The Longitudinal plan is based off of Roman Basilicas, and is usually symmetrical down the Nave. Meanwhile, the Central plan is often designed around a base shape; a circle, an octagon, etc. They have nucleus' and rings surrounding the center. Oftentimes, these two plans see semi-combination in elements. |
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