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Art History Midterm
WashU Art History Midterm
47
Art History
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2016

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
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Definition
  • Name: Stonehenge
  • Location: Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England
  • Artist/Architect: unknown
  • Period/Style: Prehistoric
  • Siginficance
    • represents tremendous organization of labor and egineering skills
    • materials weighed up to 50 tons and traveled from 23-200 miles away
    • evidence of meticulous stone working
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Venus figures (Woman of Willendorf)
  • Artist:unknown
  • Location:southern France
  • Medium/Method: limestone
  • Period/style: prehistoric
  • Significance:
    • abstract piece reduced to basic shapes
    • stresses fertility
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Dipylon Vase
  • Location: Athens
  • Period: Archaic Greek - Geometric
  • Artist: unknown Athenian
  • Medium/method: belly-handled amphora
  • Significance:
    • Represented a woman in its shape
    • height over 5' tall
    • used in funerals 
    • narrative scene 
Term
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Definition
  • Name: New York Kouros (Youth)
  • Location: Crete
  • Medium/Method: marble statue
  • Artist: unknown
  • Period: Archaic Greek
  • Significance: 
    • Truly free standing - earliest large stone images of human figure that can stand on own
    • incorporated empty space
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Central portion of west pediment of Temple of Artemis
  • Location: Corfu
  • Period: Archaic Greek
  • Medium/method: nearly in the round, limestone
  • Significance: 
    • strong undercut of the figures so they seem independent
    • narrative on pediment
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Kroisos (Kouros from Anavysos)
  • Period: Archaic Greek
  • Medium/method: life-size marble statue
  • Significance:
    • much more advanced than the New York Kouros
    • more naturalistic statue
    • not linear, but curved and looks as though the body could function
    • proportions of face more naturalistic
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Battle of the Gods and Giants
  • Location: north frieze of the Treasury of the Siphnians, Delphi
  • Period: Archaic Greek
  • Medium: marble 
  • Significance: 
    • Only a few inches deep, but several planes are created
    • objects nearest to fewer in the round
    • more intense action than ever seen in reliefs 
    • great stride in depicting the human body in naturalistic motion
Term
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Definition
  • Name: East pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
  • Period: Archaic Greek
  • Significance: 
    • used allegory to elevate historial events
    • fully in the round, independent of stone background
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Dying Warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Alphaia
  • Medium: marble, in the round
  • Period: Archaic Greek (earlier)
  • Significance: 
    • human suffering
    • advances towards realism, but less natural than the later east pediment
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Dying Warrior from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia
  • Medium: marble
  • Period: Archaic Greek (later)
  • Significance: 
    • showed the advances towards realism compared to the west pediment from earlier in the period
    • balanced precariously on shield and can see movement of his weight pulling him to the ground
    • body twisted from the waist with the left shoulder in a new plane
    • more organic than earlier warrior
    • breaks the head-on stare and awkward pose
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Kritios Boy
  • Location: Akropolis
  • Artist: Athenian sculptor Kritios
  • Period: Archaic/Classical Greek (480 BCE)
  • Medium:marble statue
  • Significance: 
    • differs from earlier Archaic kouroi
    • first suriviving statue that stands in the full sense of the word
    • first shifting of weight, creating calculated asymmetry in the sides of body, and suggests muscles
    • stands at ease, creates movment in the musculature 
    • contrapposto/chiastic pose
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Zeus
  • Medium/Method: bronze statue
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Location: in the sea near the Greek coast
  • Significance:
    • sculptor captures and contrasts action and firm stability
    • expresses god's power
    • strength of bronze allows limbs to stretch out and stay in tact
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Diskobolos (Discus Thrower)
  • Artist: Myron
  • Medium: Roman copie in marble of Greek bronze
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Significance:
    • sequence of movements in a single pose
    • arms in same plane as legs with the twist of the torso
    • conveys the essence of action by presenting coiled figure in perfect balance
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) 
  • Artist: Roman copy of Polykleitos'
  • Location: Argos
  • Medium: Roman marble copy of bronze statue
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Significance: 
    • chiastic pose
    • more empathetic than in Kritios Boy
    • turn of the head very pronounced
    • ideal system of proportion and related all the parts to the whole
    • addresses composition and movement
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Riace Warrior A
  • Location: in the sea off Riace, Italy
  • Medium: over-life-size bronze with silver
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Significance: 
    • oustanding preservation and extraordinarily fine work
    • used wax technique
    • more details in hair, and silver used for teeth and ivory nipples, and glass-paste eyes
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs
  • Medium: marble slightly over life-size
  • Location: west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olypmia
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Significance: 
    • Apollo's calm pose removes him from the action around him
    • massive and simple forms, with soft contours and undulating surfaces
    • entangle the characters
    • expressed struggle in faces and action and gesture
    • conflict between rational and irrational, order and dchaos
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Parthenon
  • Location: Akropolis, Athens
  • Artists: Iktinos and Kallikrates
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Medium: white marble from Mount Pentelikon
  • Significance: 
    • temple to the goddess Athena
    • largest and most lavish temple of its time in Greece
    • not from local material, rich
    • initiated a new interest in the embellishment of interior space
    • not symmetrical, made to be an optical illusion
    • Doric style outside, Ionic inside
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Three goddesses from east pediment of the Parthenon
  • Location: Parthenon, Akropolis
  • Medium: over life size marble
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Significance:
    • contrast between implied power and languid poses
    • swirling drapery masterpiece
    • garments cling to bodies as if wet, concealing and revealing flesh
    • garments twist around bodies rather than follow the line of the body
    • optical device of seeing them as if two-dimensional from only the front, but at the same time broadcasting their three-dimensionality
    • Phedian Drapery: wet look
    • This type of fabric doesnt exist, but looks so real that it's believable
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Nike
  • Location: Temple of Athan Nike
  • Period: Classical
  • Artist: Phedian style
  • Medium: balustrade marble
  • Significance:
    • genre (everyday, ordinary) as she takes off her shoe to step on holy ground
    • Victory figure with wings
    • deeply cut folding in drapery and wet look
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Medium: marble grave marker
  • Artist: Phedian style
  • Location: Athens
  • Significance:
    • quiet mood, genre
    • Pheidian style drapery
    • low relief, understated, drawn to lap/jewelry with higher relief
    • relief in back merges with the background
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Temple of Athena Nike
  • Period: Classical Greek
  • Location: Akropolis, Athens
  • Arist: possibly Kallikrates
  • Medium/method: Ionic marble temple
  • Significance:
    • probably designed to celebrate the Athenian victory over the Persians
    • first structure to greek visitors to the Akropolis
    • jewel-like structure because of the decorative quality of the Ionic style
    • Ionic structures are small treasures
    • one of the finest surviving Ionic structures
Term
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Definition
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Aphrodite of Knidos
  • Period: Late Classical Greek - Hellenistic
  • Artist: Praxiteles
  • Medium: Roman marble copy after original marble statue
  • Significance:
    • first nude momumental statue of a goddess in the Greek world
    • people of Kos commissioned a cult statue from Praxiteles and they rejected the nude for a draped version
    • appeal was in the eroticism of her appearance
    • she is either about to bathe or running from a bath
    • uncertainty on Aphrodite's intentions for a view creates the erotic quality
    • viewer has more involved role than Classical period; sculpture invited physical and emotional enagement
    • people fell in love with her, placed in a location where she caused shipwrecks
    • original no longer survives, but hundreds of copies
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Apoxyomenos (scraper)
  • Artist: Lysippos
  • Period: Late Classical Greek and Hellenistic
  • Medium: marble Roman copy, probably after a bronze
  • Significance: 
    • more slender proportions, head is 1/8 of body length rather than 1/7 as Polykleitos had
    • leans furher back in chiastic pose with Praxiteles influence
    • is in diaglogue with Polykleitos' Doryphoros
    • diagonal line of the leg suggests freedom of movement
    • outstretched arm reaches into viewers' space
    • entices viewer to move around the piece to understand the full range of action
    • breaks the primacy of the frontal view for a standing figure
    • sculpture deliberately contains space within its composition
    • challenges oppposition between sculpture and environment and makes the two merge
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Epigonos of Pergamon (?) Dying Trumpeter
  • Medium: probably a Roman copy after a bronze original
  • Period: Hellenistic
  • Location: probably from one of two statue bases found in the Sanctuary of Athena on the Akropolis of Pergamon
  • Significance: 
    • no longer Classical tradition of referring to the enemies through mythological analogy
    • indentifies the enemy through his bushy hair and mustache and braided gold band around his neck
    • he dies nobaly 
    • viewer drawn in by privateness of the moment as he dies alone
    • drawn around sculpture by the pyramidal composition
    • momument celebrates the conqueror's valor by exalting the enemy he overcame
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Nike of Samothrace
  • Artist: possibly Pythokritos of Rhodes
  • Location: Rhodes island, Sanctuary of the Great Gods at Samothrace 
  • Period: Hellenisitc 
  • Medium: marble 
  • Significance: 
    • celebrates the naval vicoties of Edamos over Antiochos the Great
    • she could either be landing on the prow of a ship, or about to take flight
    • lift of the wings make the statue appear weightless
    • neither leg holds the body's full weight
    • wings and drapery give it enery
    • swirling drapery suggests motion of the headwind she struggles against
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Aphrodie, Pan, and Eros
  • Period: Hellenistic
  • Mediuim: marble
  • Location: culbhouse ofa a group of merchants from Ferytus on Delos
  • Significance: 
    • Rococo style, or parody 
    • Aphrodite weilds a slipper to fend off Pan, a half-man, half-goat, and Eros hovers mischeivously between them.
    • sensuous roundness and modest hand gesture of Aphrodite suggest Praxiteles' bathing Apthrodite of Knidos
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Drunken Old Woman
  • Medium: Roman copy of Greek original marble 
  • Period: Hellenistic
  • Artisti: possibly Myron of Thebes
  • Significance:
    • illustrates the everyday life of Hellenistic sculputres
    • wrinkles are prominant, and skin sags
    • she's a member of the social class as seen by her buckled tunic
    • may be an ironic dialogue with figures of Aphrodite with her water vessel
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Laocoön
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Medium: Marble in the round
  • Location: Esquiline Hill in Rome
  • Significance: 
    • its is unknown whether or not this piece is a Classical work, because of the powerful tension between the subjects, a Hellenistic work because of the baroque style, a Roman copy of a Hellenistic work because of the slab of Carrar marble in the back, or if it's an imperial work
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Brutus
  • Period: Republican Rome
  • Medium: modern bronze bust, slightly over-life-size
  • Significance: 
    • derives its power from the creases and furrows that record a life of engagement
    • rare bronze, as most were melted down to make coins or weapons
    • Strong features include a solid neck, a square jaw, accentuated by a short beard, high cheekbones, and a firm brow to honor him
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Veristic Male Portrait
  • Period: Rupublican Rome
  • Medium: life-size marble
  • Significance: 
    • most Republican portraits represented men at old age
    • remnants of a veil suggest he is a priest
    • detail in the wrinkles covering face, etching of depp crags into their cheeks and brows, played-up warts, hooked nose, and receding hairline
    • Verisitc=true, so life-like
    • reponsibility and experience came with seniority so an image marked by age conveyed the necessary qualities for winning votes for political office
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Colosseum
  • Location: Rome
  • Period: Republican Rome
  • Medium: concerete, faced with travertine
  • Significance:
    • first permanent ampitheater for the gladitorial games and mock sea battles
    • was one of the largest single buildings anywhere
    • held well over 50,000 spectators
    • concrete was the secret to its success
    • made up of 80 radial barrel-vaulted wedges
    • many stairways and corridors allowed smooth flow of traffic between entrances and seating areas
    • exterior reflected the structure's interior organization
    • 80 arched entrances, framed with Tuscan columns
    • Ionic columns framed second set of archs, and Corinthian columns engaged on the third set
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Forum of Tajan
  • Location: Rome
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Significance: 
    • financed with the spoils of Trajan's war against the Dacians
    • Last and largest forum 
    • statues are captice Dacians carved from exotic marbles rathe than caryatids
    • two libraries are past the basillica, and a temple where Trajan's Column stood. 
    • Message of the Forum: the Dacian Wars brought Rome great financial benefit
    • lined by stoas and apses (circular areas to create more light)
    • Bureacracy center
    • symmetrical
    • inside, outside, inside experience
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Pantheon
  • Location: Rome
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Artist: Agrippa, Domitian-fire reconstruction, Apollodorus - today's Pantheon
  • Medium/method: concrete 
  • Significance:
    • most remarkable Roman architects accomplished with concrete
    • intended temple to all the gods
    • Hellenistic concept, included living and deceased members of the ruling family among the gods
    • fire destroyed it in 80CE and lightning strike after rebuilt
    • one of the best preserved temples of Rome because of transformation to a church 
    • Roman times, it stood on a raised podium
    • very tall pediment
    • brings together geometric forms of triangle, circle, square, or child's drawing of a house
    • only approach from the front
    • in plan, it's a perfect circle in the center and in elevation
    • 35' opening at top to serve as light source
    • 142' of uninterrupted space w/o supports 
    • coffers in ceiling to reduce amount of weight from the concrete
    • built under Emporer Haydrion who admired Greece
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Augustus of Primaporta
  • Medium: possibly Roman copy of marble statue
  • Location: at his villa
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Significance:
    • served as source image of multiple copies of Augustus who was the Great first emporer of Rome
    • speaking gesture, denoting something 
    • dressed in metal armor
    • born in Aphrodite's lineage, so dolphin with Venus on his chest - claiming his family image
    • combines military genius with being a normal citizen of Rome - cape as toge and bare feet suggest modesty
    • Augustus models Doryphoros - identical walking pose, movement and at rest simultaneously, Doryphoros a boy yet a man, while August is a man with young features
    • drapery serves to catch sunlight and create movement
    • hands almost as expressive as words
    • probably a colored sculpture
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
  • Medium: Bronze in the round, over life-size
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Significance: 
    • survived because it was misidentified at Constantine while Christians were detroying many Paegan works of art
    • only emporers are depicted on horses
    • like the charioteer-Greek ideal of being more powerful
    • importance of emporer and his control over his horse
    • would've held an orb in left hand as a sign of the empirial office-holds the world in his hand
    • right hand=blessing gesture
    • represented in simple toga-one of the people/ commoners
    • quality of individuality
    • beard a sign of old wisdom modeled after Greek philosophers
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Imperial Procession south frieze of  Ara Pacis Augustae
  • Medium: marble frieze
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Significance: 
    • portray member sof the imperial family interspersed with the college of priests and senators
    • record particular event on the day of the altar's dedication - thanksgiving to the gods
    • resemblance to Greek Parthenon friezes and show preference for Greek styles in the Augustan age
    • inclusion of women denotes the importance of dynasty
    • alter for animal sacrifice
    • high relief with varied levels of relief that show Augustus family interaction
    • much deeper than Parthenon relief, almsot life-sized and at face height rather than up above, Greece make their gods into men, while in Rome they make their men into gods
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Relief in the bay of Arch of Titus 
  • Medium: marble relief
  • Period: Imperial Rome 
  • Significance: 
    • shows procession of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem
    • marks imporant move toward spatial illusionism 
    • two ranks of figures appear, carved in different levels of relief
    • background figures seem to fade into the distance
    • shows what happens inside the arch, soldiers marching bringing the spoils back from Jerusalme
    • probably was painted, half relief
    • becomes more dense in the middle
    • opposite his army is the emporer himself riding in a four-horse chariot - relief swells in the middle 
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Column of Trajan
  • Location: Rome to the west of Trajan's forum
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Medium: marble
  • Significance: 
    • celebrates the last conquest of the Roman Empire
    • represents an unwound scroll
    • celebrates the Trajan's conquest of the Dacia (last piece of Roman Empire added)
    • shows a narrative - allowing of time place and action that could go on and on and on or start wherever (chronicles)
    • shows allocutio: addressing of the troops by the emporer
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Scenes of Dionysiac Mystery Cult
  • Location: Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
  • Period: Republican Rome
  • Medium/method: Second Style wall painting
  • Significance: 
    • located outside the gates of the city of Pompeii
    • unlike many other houses-missing sleepign cubicles and kitchen
    • probably a cult center, religious initiation place
    • unknown quite what is is/what the frescos mean
    • pompeii red paintings with frieze 
    • starts with people in procession, engaging with viewers
    • young initiator and running/frightening woman
    • whipping of initiate by windged figure across the corner of the two walls
    • figures engaging with figures across the room
    • barriers between viewer and painting are dissolved
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Second Style Wall Painting
  • Location: Villa of Publius Fannius Synistory at Boscoreal, near Pompeii
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Medium: Fresco on lime plaster
  • Significance:
    • Egyptian decor on the floor
    • very decorate, painting walls that help to expand the space
    • small room with little light from barred window
    • ivory bed
    • standing lamps to add more light would have been used there 
    • painted parapet runs around the lower part of the wall, resting on it are columns, which support a cornice
    • receding away from the foreground, in a range of different perspectives, stoas and tholoi and secni gazebos mingle with one another in a maze of architectural fantasy
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Second Style wall painting of garden
  • Location: Villa of Livia at Primaporta
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Medium: Second Style painting 
  • Significance: 
    • in the most luxurious building outside of Rome
    • Livia's retreat space
    • originally barrel vault
    • garden scene along the walls
    • compared to Monet's garden, art in the round
    • 3D space with two fences and variety of trees, fruits, and birds
    • plants and birds are indentifiable from the detail
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Basilica of Maxentius, renamed of Constantine
  • Period: Imperial Rome
  • Significance:
    • largest roofed interior in Rome
    • three aisles, but only the north one still stands
    • barrel vaults covered the lateral aisles, and  the wider, taller central aisle of nave was covered with three massive groin vaults 
    • Large statue of Constantine inside 
Term
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Definition
  • Name: abbey church of Saint-Denis
  • Period: Gothic
  • Artist: Suger, abbot
  • Medium: stone with wood framing
  • Location: just outside of Paris
  • Significance: 
    • was designed to emphasize the relationship between Saint-Denis and the French monarchy
    • complicated apses and vault lines
    • rib vaulting
    • barrel to rib vaulting 
    • thrust is supported by buttresses
    • turned engineering into aesthetic
    • skeletal structure on the outside
    • luminosity is the highest balue achieved in the new structure of St. Denis
    • required a very structured foundation that took a lot of time to build up 
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Chartres cathedral of Notre-Dame
  • Location: west façade, Chartres, France
  • Period: Gothic
  • Medium: stone with a wood structure frame
  • Significance:
    • fire burnt all but the eastern crypt in 1194 where the relic of the Virgin Mary was held- her viel 
    • the rebuilding was assymmetrical, but it wasn't look down upon as it might have been in Roman times 
    • it made it more grandeur 
    • well known for its school and scriptorium, it was where one would go to college, and helped with the growth of scholasticism
    • Charte is embedded in its town, houses and buildings were built up against side of church
    • political, judicial, and cultural center 
    • dedicated to the Virgin Mary
    • the height of the cathedral seems to lift people into heaven and the interior draws you in
    • faces the West, as Christians focused on the afterlife and the setting sun
    • outer skeleton serves to inhance the inside 
    • main doorway is more decorated, with 3 doors - the trinity
    • 3 windows surrounding 1 window - trinity and God
    • incorporated numerology and the science of numbers 
Term
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Definition
  • Name: main window in Chartres
  • Medium: Stained glass window 
  • Significance: 
    • included numerology
    • most important window on the building
    • God is described as a perfect circle, with no beginning or end, just as the window
    • window is an eye of God, he is all seeing
    • you know the images that are within the window without actually being able to see it up close, as it is so high 
    • Christ in the center with 4 rows of 12 around it -12 apostles
    • these interior spaces were largely dark except for the stained glass windows
    • light as a metaphor for God
    • colored light represents heaven pouring down devine light into the cathedral
Term
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Definition
  • Name: Jamb statues
  • Location: west portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartes
  • Medium: essentially statues in the round with bases
  • Significance:
    • use of drapery in a naturalistic sense
    • Gothics less interested in naturalistic, most in abstraction with stretched out bodies, drapery emphasizing lengths
    • faces and heads still very naturalistic at the same time, portrait-like 
    • essentially they could be detached from their supports, made possible only by borrowing the cylindrical shape of the column for the human figure
    • continuous sequence linking all three portals that together represent the prophets, kings, and queens of the Hebrew Bible
    • purpose is to acclaim the rulers of France as their spiritual descendants, and to stress the harmony of spiritual and secular rule, of priests and kings - ideals previously put forward by Abbot Sugar 
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