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| The use of recessed decorative panels repeatedly to decorate ceilings or vaults. |
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| the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure. |
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| a nine-branched candelabrum used on Hanukkah |
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| a decorative device or plaque, usually with a plain center used for inscriptions, or epitaphs. |
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| style in which artists concern themselves with capturing the exterior likeness of a person, usually by rendering its visible details in a finely executed, meticulous manner. |
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| A Roman town center; site of temples and administrative buildings and used as a market or gathering area for the citizens. |
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| a large rectangular building. often built with a clerestory, side aisles separated from the center nave by colonnades, and an apse at one or both ends. roman centers for administration, later adapted to christian church use. Constantine's architects added a transverse aisle at the end of the nave called a transept. |
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| a large semicircular or polygonal (and usually vaulted) niche. in the chrsitian church, it contains the altar. |
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| the center aisle of a basilica, two or three stories high and flanked by aisles. |
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| passage or open corridor of a church, hall, or other building that parallels the main space, usually on both sides, and is delineated by a row, or arcade, of columns or piers. |
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the exterior facing of a building, often in decorative patterns of fine stone or brick.
May cover a wall built of coarser materials. |
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| a circular opening. usually found either as windows or at the apex of a dome. |
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| a structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. |
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| an art technique involving extremely realistic imagery in order to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three-dimensions, instead of actually being a two-dimensional painting. |
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| was a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex. |
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| the warm bath to bathe in, ancient rome. |
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| a large cold pool to drop into after enjoying a hot Roman bath. |
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| can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals. The establishment of the ********** usually marks the resolution of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire. |
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| was Roman Emperor from 306, and the undisputed holder of that office from 324 to his death. Best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor |
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| took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on October 28, 312. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. |
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| Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312) |
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| are the first two letters in the Greek spelling of the word Christ and so have come to be used for a number of Christian-related usages. one of the earliest cruciform symbols used by Christians. |
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| ancient underground passageways or subterranean cemeteries composed thereof[1]. The narrow tunnels are man made, and many of them are under the cities and have served during historic times as a refuge for safety during wars or as a cult place. |
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| the most holy of the sacred writings in Judaism. |
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| described in the Bible as a sacred container, wherein rested the Tablets of stone containing the Ten Commandments as well as Aaron's rod and manna. According to the bible, built at the commandment of god. |
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| according to the Bible, the first temple of the ancient religion of the biblical Israelites in Jerusalem. |
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| a Jewish house of prayer. |
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| was a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman border city built on an escarpment ninety meters above the right bank of the Euphrates river. It is located near the village of Salhiyé, in today's Syria |
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| an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight |
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| the principal christian church in a diocese, built in the bishop's administrative center and housing his throne. |
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| the Bishop of Rome, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an extended family. This is a Greek word, a composition of (pater) meaning "father" and (archon) meaning "leader", "chief", "ruler", "king", etc. |
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| in religion or philosophy, the union of different ideas or principles. |
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| a standing figure praying with outstretched arms and upraised hands. |
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| a piece of metal, usually carved or engraved; circular (like a coin) and large, that is used as a work of art, souvenir, medal, or worn on the body as a special symbol or as a fashion accessory on a necklace (see pendant) |
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| a half-moon shaped space, either masonry or void. formed when a horizontal cornice transects a round-headed arch at the level of the imposts, where the arch springs. |
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| a prophet who was swallowed by a great fish. |
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| a man carrying a sheep or calf with a sheep or calf at his side. in christian art, jesus christ with a sheep. symbolic of him, and his salvation. |
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| the vestibule or entrance porch of a church. |
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| an unroofed interior courtyard or room in a roman house, sometimes having a pool or garden, sometimes surrounded by columns. open courtyard in front of a christian church, or an entrance area in modern architecture. |
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| arms on an elongated building which make it look like a cross. SYMBOLIC. |
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| the vaulted underground space beneath the floor of a church, usually under the sanctuary, which may contain tombs and relics. |
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| a modern art-historical term used to describe the re -use of earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments. |
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| a plump, naked little boy. cupid in classical art, a cherub or baby angel in christian art. |
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| mother earth/personification of peace. |
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| imperial capital of the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire/East Roman Empire, Latin, & Ottoman empire. Sucessor to Ancient Greece & Rome. Largest/wealthiest city. |
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| Existing city upon which Constantinople was founded. Settled in early days of Greek colonial expansion. |
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| City and commune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Seat of Western Roman empire. |
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| Spherical triangle which acts as a transition between a circular dome and a square base on which the dome is set. |
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| the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch. where the vertical support for the arch terminates and the curve of the arch begins. ARCH BUILT INTO THE WALL. |
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| the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch. where the vertical support for the arch terminates and the curve of the arch begins |
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| a semicircular recess, often crowned by a half-dome, which is usually set into a building's facade |
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| any object with two flat plates attached at a hinge. Devices of this form were quite popular in the ancient world, types existing for recording notes and for measuring time and direction. The term is also used figuratively for a thematically-linked sequence of two books. |
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| pieces of glass used to mosaic |
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| an image in any material representing a sacred figure or event in the byzantine, and later the orthodox, church. Venerated by the faithful, who believed them to have miraculous powers to transmit messages to god. |
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| a Roman invention which replaced the scroll, the first form of a book. in the format used for modern books, with separate pages bound, given a cover (normally) |
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| a handwritten book or document. |
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| mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on single pages, scrolls, codices or books |
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| a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. |
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| followers of the Islamic religion |
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| the central religious text of Islam. |
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| considered to be the largest denomination of Islam. |
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| a symbolic representation without images of human figures. often found in islamic arm. |
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| The mosque wall indicating the direction of Mecca, includes the mihrab. |
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| living descendent of mohammed |
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| building mosque shaped in a upward spiral |
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| distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. Minarets are generally tall spires with onion-shaped crowns, usually either free standing or much taller than any surrounding support structure. |
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| decorative elements attached to the surface of a wall, with no openings, used decoratively. |
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| a series of arches, carried by columns or piers and supporting a common wall or lintel. |
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| a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer) stands to deliver sermons |
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| an elaborative application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants and animals. |
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| the fine art of hand lettering (fancy script writing essentially) |
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| very formal script/strong upright verticals |
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| a knoblike architectural or furniture decoration found at the top point of a spire, pinnacle, canopy, or gable. |
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| the arrangement of ceramic tile to create a design |
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| decorating with black lines |
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| The middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three eras, classical civilization of antiquity, middle, and the modern period. |
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| A descriptive term for people, objects, events, and institutions of the Middle Ages. |
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| ancient metalworking technique, a multi-step enameling process / arrangement of wires |
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| literally "a place for writing," is term commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European monasteries devoted to the copying of manuscripts. |
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| A book, document, or other composition written by hand. |
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| a book in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover. It was a Roman invention that replaced the scroll, which was the first form of book. |
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| Mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on single pages, scrolls, codices or books. |
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| a term used in the history of architecture, design, and archaeology. It refers to a derivative object which retains ornamental designs cues to structure that was necessary in the original. |
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| refers to objects such as amulets and talismans or other symbols intended to "ward off evil" or avert or combat evil. |
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| a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side. |
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| was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imp[erator Augustus by Pope Leo III on |
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| period of intellectual and cultural revival occuring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occuring during the reigns of the carolingian rulers charlemagne and louis the pious. during this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, scriptural studies and more. |
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| mother earth/personification of peace |
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| Political system composed of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. King owns a region, but it is too large to control, so power is delegated in order to maintain power. An alliance. |
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| aisle through which one may ambulate, to organize people traffic. |
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| An object or a personal item of religious significance, carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a tangible memorial. Often times, the actual remains of a dead saint or holy person. |
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| a container for relics. Often the relics within the container are the actual physical remains of saints |
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| a long journey or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a sacred place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. |
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| an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. |
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| a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop. It is a religious building for worship, specifically of a denomination with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox and some Lutheran churches, which serves as a bishop's seat, and thus as the central church of a diocese. |
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| a feature of cathedral, monastic and abbey architecture. It consists of (usually) four corridors, roofed but open to the air, surrounding a central courtyard or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a Cathedral church usually indicates that it is (or was once) a monastic foundation. |
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| an ornamental molding or band following the curve of the underside of an arch. |
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| One of a pair of vertical posts or pieces that together form the sides of a door, window frame, or fireplace, for example. |
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| the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance bounded by a lintel and arch. It often contains sculptures or other ornaments |
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| a Vesica Piscis (venn diagram) shaped aureola which surrounds the figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary in traditional Christian art. It is especially used to frame the figure of Christ in Majesty in early medieval and Romanesque art, as well as Byzantine art of the same periods. |
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| capitals that have humans depicted on them, and tell a story. |
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| Iconography- Virgin Mary with Child Jesus on her lap holding a book. |
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| a form of textile art, where the design or pattern is woven into the fabric as it is made. |
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| form of textile art where the design and patterns are sewn in on top of an already woven piece of fabric |
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| somewhat engaged columns with things attached. (sort of like a column, but bigger, and square shaped.) a purely visual element that emphasizes the structure. |
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