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| Sculpture that relies on variations in surface height to depict images. |
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| The quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. |
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| A series of caves in France containing more than 2,000 images of animals, human forms, and abstractions. The images are believed to have been part of some ritual, ceremony, or worship, though no one is certain of this. |
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28,000 - 25,000 BCE (Paleolithic)
Sculpture of a woman with exaggerated reproductive features, but no individualizing facial features. Believed to be a fertility icon. |
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6,000 - 5,900 BCE (Neolithic)
Earliest found architectural remains. A small town of houses which were are entered through the roof. Some houses contained shrines, suggesting some type of social structure. |
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| Uruk/Protoliterate Period (Dates) |
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| Early Dynastic Period (Dates) |
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| Neo-Sumerian Period (Dates) |
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| Consisted mostly of mud brick/reed structures. Temples were laid out according to cardinal directions, displayed aesthetic detail and showed more sophisticated organization than Çatal Höyük. They also doubled as observatories and granaries. |
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| First alphabet in history. Developed by Sumerians. |
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| Sumerian artistic symbols |
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Large beard = powerful
Widely-opened eyes = educated and spiritual |
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| Unrealistic/exaggerated scale, proportions, and perspective. Less concerned with realistic appearance. |
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2,100 BCE (Neo-Sumerian Period)
Large, mountain-like temple made with mud-brick core amd fired brick exterior. Served as a shrine to the moon god Nanna. |
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| In art, the process of making more important figures (rulers, shamans) larger in scale than other, less important subjects. |
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3,200 - 3,000 BCE (Uruk/Protoliterate Period)
One of the earliest surviving works of narrative relief sculpture, the Warka vase was used for carrying offerings to religious ceremonies. The carvings on it are self-referential, depicting the offering process of one of these ceremonies. |
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| Neo-Assyrian Period (Dates) |
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| CS: Throne Room of Assurnasirpal II |
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| Administrative center in the home of the king of Assyria. Walls lined with numerous reliefs depicting anything from lion hunts to military victories, all of which glorify the king as well as Assyria in some way. |
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| Giant part bull, part eagle, part human, part beard sculptures at the entrance to Assurnasirpal's palace and throne room. |
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| Early Dynastic Period (Dates) |
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| Ancient Egyptian written language translated through use of the Rosetta Stone. |
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| Earliest Egyptian burial monuments. |
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2,590 BCE (Old Kingdom)
Limestone sculpture/monument meant to represent Khafre. Possibly intended to protect the pyramids. |
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Lower (Northern) was more fertile.
Upper (Southern) housed the Valley of the Kings. |
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(Old Kingdom) Tells story of the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt.
Hierarchal scale: King Narmer is largest and center of composition, identifiable by his headdress. |
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| Egyptian burial monuments (3 types) |
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1: Mastaba
2: Step Pyramid
3: Pyramid |
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| Djoser's Pyramid and Mortuary Precinct |
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Architect: Imhotep.
Stepped pyramid: series of 6 mastabas stacked on top of each other. Began the trend of pyramids as burial tombs for Kings.
Mortuary: giant walled court thing with multiple false entrances all surrounded by a giant trench (meant to deter grave robbers). |
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| Oriented along East/West axis, meant to be seen like sun rays to honor the sun god, Ra. Kings entombed called themselves sons of the sun. Believed to have been built using mostly paid laborers, at least 10,000 at a time for 30 years. Largest and oldest pyramid is Khufu's (2,551 - 1528 BCE) |
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| Early mixture of stylization and naturalization. |
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| Pyramid construction gave way to carved tombs during Middle Kingdom. Were less showy and harder for grave robbers to find/infiltrate. |
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1,950 - 1,900 BCE
FUUUUCKKKK |
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| CS: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut |
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Architect: Senemut
Rock cut tomb with large peristyle. Molds into its surroundings - early example of 'perfect symmetry' in architecture. First structure in the Valley of the Kings |
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| Reign: 1,473 - 1,458 BCE (New Kingdom) Often chose to be represented as male in sculptures. Became pharaoh once her husband died(?) |
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| Beautiful Festival of the Valley |
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| Festival for carrying the statue of deceased ruler in a boat to their tomb. |
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| A truncated pyramid or tower. |
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| Geometric and Orientalizing Period (Dates) |
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| Open colonnade - courtyard surrounded by columned porch, typically with a garden in the center. |
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| Space in the center of a temple - the shrine |
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| Porch-thing at the front of a temple that leads into the cella/naos. |
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| No walls, just rows of columns - created a transparent boundary. Sacrificial alters in front of temple - only priests allowed inside. |
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| CS: Temple of Artemis at Corfu |
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| Respectively male/female sculptures common in Greece. Male was nude and often in a stance with a rigid upper body and staggered feet. Female was clothed and standing straight up. |
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| Sculpture that represents the earliest mastery of contrapposto and naturalistic sculpting. |
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| Naturalistic Greek feature of showing posture and weight distribution in human sculptures. Coincided with individualization in sculpture. |
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South metope of the Parthenon
Relief showing the mythological battle between the Lapiths and Centaurs. Centaurs symbolized the Persians, the Greeks' primary rivals at the time. |
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| CS: Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia |
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472 - 456 BCE
Panhellenic home of the Olympic Games. Home to many sculptures of gods and Olympic athletes alike. Doric architecture.
West Pediment: Centauromachy
East Pediment: Chariot Race of Oinomaus and Pelops |
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| Illustrative crowning around the tops of walls or above columns. Mostly painted sculptural reliefs. |
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447 - 438 BCE - Architects: Iktinos & Kallikrates
Temple dedicated to Athena on the Athenian Acropolis in Athens, the symbolic capitol of Greece. No altar, actual use is unclear. Records suggest it was once a treasury and housed no religious ceremonies. Reflects Greek humanism through Optical Refinements. Built as a monument to Greece's victory over the Persians. |
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West metope of the Parthenon
Legendary battle between the Greeks and an all-female army of Amazonians. |
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North metope of the Parthenon
The sack of Troy |
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East metope of the Parthenon
Symbolic battle between the Olympians led by Zeus and the Forces of Chaos led by Alcyoneous |
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