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| Christianity as the official state religion reflected the authoritarian character of the imperial government. justified by quotations from early authorities and scriptures. |
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| Emphasis on the spiritual, the common objects such as fish, birds. and plants assumed symbolic meaning related to abstract concepts rather than their material realities. (ex. Light symbolized God) |
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| The study of symbolic picture writing and its hidden meaning within Christian tradition |
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| means "image" any image of God, Christ, and today, the Saints |
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| the prohibition of sacred images of god. a decree by the Byzantine Emperor Leo III in 726 ordering the destruction of all images showing Christ in human form. the prohibition was effective in the Orthodox church until 843 |
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| Image destroyers who were lead by Emperor Leo III they believed in the literal interpretation of the biblical ban against graven images as idols they anted to restrict religious art to abstract symbols |
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| a subterranean christian burial place usually with accommodation for a number of niches for sarcophagi and small chapels for funeral feasts and other commemorative services |
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| a shrine or chapel erected in honor of or over the grave of a martyr |
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| the building or the part of the church used for baptism usually containing a font |
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| from the Latin word for praying used to describe figures standing with arms outstretched in an attitude of prayer |
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| the principle church of a bishop (head of the diocese) containing his throne or cathedra |
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| "suffering of Christ" a cross with a representation of the dead Christ |
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| "triumphant Christ" a cross with a representation of the living Christ eyes open and triumphant over death |
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| a representation of Christ as the almighty ruler of the universe an image frequently found in the apse or dome |
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| a painting or relief sculpture consisting of two panels which can be folded together usually of a religious subject |
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| a manuscript in a book form with pages bound together between stiffened covers |
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| an architectural device that uses lintels across the corners of a square space to support a dome and to make the transition from square space to a round one |
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| a method of support in a dome over a square space by using concave triangular sections of masonry |
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| a semicircular opening or surface s on the wall of a vaulted room |
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| the art of decorating manuscripts with designs and pictures in color |
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| the decoration on a floor wall or vault with small pieces of stones glass or ceramic of different colors set in plaster or concrete |
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| a small piece of stone or glass used to compose a mosaic |
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| coating a painting sculpture or architectural ornament with gold leaf which is attached with glue |
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| gold beaten into a leaf 1/300000 of an inch thick used in gilding |
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| Islamic college for teaching theology and common law |
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| the wall of a mosque facing mecca toward which Muslims must turn when praying |
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| Islamic building for communal prayer, a temple |
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| a leader of Muslims in both a spiritual and a political scene |
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| the sacred Muslim writings as revealed by Allah to Muhammad and taken down by him or his companions |
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| Muslim teacher who serving as a priest in a mosque recites the prayers and leads the devotions of the faithful |
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| the direction of mecca which Muslims face when praying indicant by the mihrab in the quibla wall of a mosque |
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| Arabic name for the open interior courtyard of a mosque it usually has a pool in the center |
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| a nich or flat slab in the qibla wall of a mosque |
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| the high pulpit from which an iman leads communal prayers and the addresses of the congregation in a mosque |
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| an arch that comes to a point its advantage over the rounded arch is that it can be designed for almost any proportion |
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| a Small slender tower attached to a mosque and surrounded by one or more balconies from which the muuezzin calls people to prayer |
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| intricate surface decoration with plant forms spirals knots etc. but without human figures |
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| a large porch or shallow hall with a pointed barrel vault in later buildings it may serve as an entrance or face a courtyard |
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| a formal type of Arabic calligraphy used decoratively on a building pottery and textiles |
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| fine or elegant handwriting with flowing rhythmic strokes and a distinctively personal quality |
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| the most sacred shrine of the Muslims a small cube shaped building in the great mosque at mecca toward which Muslims face when praying it contains a sacred stone said to have been turned black by the tears of repentant pilgrims or by the sins of those who have touched it |
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| in Muslim countries a crier who calls the people to prayer at sated hours from the minaret |
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| arch constituted by two ogg lines ogg is a double curved line made up of a concave and a convex parts |
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| Arabic word meaning submission |
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| Arabic word meaning one who has submitted to the will of Allah the one and only god as revealed by the prophet Muhammad in the Koran |
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| a person of mixed Arabian blood originally inhabiting north Africa |
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| the art of Germanic tribes from the 4th to the 9th centuries which is characterized by the near absence of the human figure and preference for animal forms and animal interlace metalwork and jewelry were their specialties |
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| type of ornamentation composed by stylized animal forms of which the extremities have been elongated and interwoven also called lacertine or strap work |
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| a colorless or colored vitreous glass paste fused by heat |
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| a technique of enameling in which the design is laid down in thin metal strips on a metal ground forming chambers to receive the vitreous enamel paste which is fused by heating in a kiln |
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| a technique of enameling metal by hollowing out part of the background filling the depressions with the vitreous enamel paste which is fused by heating in a kiln |
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| Frankish art from the mid 8th to the early 10th century originally promoted by Charlemagne. Carolingian artists of Germanic heritage instilled a new organic vigor into classical models and thus laid the foundation for Romanesque art |
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| the section of the church between the apse and the crossing usually reserved for the clergy who chanted the music of mass |
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| the monumental towered western front of the church |
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| and open courtyard surrounded by a covered walkway usually next to the church in a monastery |
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| the residence of a community of monks |
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| the vaulted area beneath the eastern end of the church |
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| German art between the early 10th and early 11th century in this period named for Otto II elements of Carolingian roman and byzantine styles rather quickly developed into and unmistakably German style notable for and intense expressiveness |
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| church government by a ruling body of clergy which s a reflection of the divine order of the universe |
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| monastic life of a self discipline self denial and seclusion from the outside wold of materialism to attain the rich inner spiritual life |
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| poverty chastity and humility |
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| the lower rank of free man in feudal society restricted to the land of the lord |
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| the political economic and strict social structure of medieval Europe it was a government based on the possession of land in which everyone received his power from his immediate superior it included an oath of loyalty and a code of honor by ultimately the power of physical force ruled |
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| faith courage blind loyalty to superior |
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| a repeated vertical unit of space marked by architectural members or supports |
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| the center post of a portal (door) |
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| the area between the lintel of the doorway and the arch above it usually decorated with relief sculpture |
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| a container for relics of saints kings queens and clergy usually decorated with precious materials |
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| a room in a monetary where monks copied books |
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| a painter of small illuminations scenes |
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| a painter of initial letters |
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| the art of decorating manuscripts with designs initial letters pictures in color and using elaborate calligraphy it was produced by monks |
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| a receptacle in a church or baptistery for the water used in baptism it is usually of stone or bronze and frequently decorated with sculpture |
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| Italian for almond a large oval surrounding the figure of god Christ the virgin Mary or occasionally a saint it is a symbol of heaven indicating divinity or holiness |
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| the bell tower of a church either attached to it or freestanding near by |
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| a vault where there is a framework of ribs or arches under the intersections of the vault |
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| a halo a disc or a ring of light around the head of a sacred figure |
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| the molding made up of layers of increasingly larger arches around an arch door or window |
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| the small chapels that radiate out from the apse and house chapels to the virgin Mary and saints |
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| the expression of conflict of the time reflected in the arts through dead weights and dynamic forces thrust and counter-thrust the particular and the universal monophonic and polyphonic choruses preformed alternately etc. |
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| a theological and philosophical approach to faith based on reason espoused by peter Abelard st Thomas Aquinas and the Nominalisis |
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| a phrase meaning french work it refers to the style of Gothic architecture which was born in France at ile-de-france |
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| the medieval studies comprising the trivium and quadrivium which were taught in universities they were intended to provide chiefly general knowledge and to develop reason and judgment |
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| a group of studies consisting of grammar rhetoric and logic forming the lower division of the seven liberal arts in medieval universities |
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| a group of studies consisting of arithmetic music geometry and astronomy forming the upper division of the seven liberal arts in medieval universities |
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| franciscan humanitarianism |
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| the teachings of st Francis of Assisi that all men are brothers and god reveals himself to man in all his creations so to love life is to love god st Francis did not avoid the world only wordily pursuits |
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| with the major emphasis on observation the Nominalists lead the way to modern science in art it meant a new emphasis on the natural observing man and nature |
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| the supportive decorative stonework on windows and sometimes on walls |
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| and arch that springs from the upper part of the pier buttress of a church spans the aisle roof an abuts the upper nave wall to counteract the thrust of the wall |
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| the building used for the business meetings of the monks or canons of the cathedral |
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| a professional organization which often regulated training materials and standards for a particular craft |
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| the vertical sides of a door |
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| a tall pointed Gothic window without tracery |
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| one who journeys to a sacred place |
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| the worship of venerated people as intercessors focusing on the miraculous powers of their physical remains |
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| occupations traditionally associated with a specific month often depicted with the signs of the zodiac |
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| a round stained glass window with tracery resembling a rose usually placed at the center of one of the facades of a Gothic church |
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| the walkway around the apse of the church it allowed pilgrims to reach the radiating chapels to pray to the saints |
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| a private prayer book arranged according to canonical hours of the church often decorated with illuminations |
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| glass given translucent color by staining with metallic oxides and joined with lead strips to form a design or scene |
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| reference to stone sculpture portraying scenes from the bible |
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| a pilgrim with a palm leaf from the holy land |
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