San Esteban, Acoma, begun 1630; destroyed; rebuilt 1696 and after

• Stone and adobe construction.
• Boatlike shape of nave.
• "Sky City" Acoma. Spanish contact in 1540, had been inhabited since 1150.
• Built for conversion of the natives.
• Northern side of structure includes a convento (monastic residence)

San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson, AZ, 1784-97 by Ignacio Gaona, master builder

• Franciscans replaced Jesuits
• Originally started as an Adobe structure by Father Kino, but his church was knocked down when Father Velderrain and the Franciscans took control.
• Eastern bell tower never finished, white exterior early 20th cen.
• Portada (elaborate portal), Late spanish baroque architecture.

Santa Barbara, CA 1815-20 by Father Antonio Ripoll

• Earlier Adobe church destroyed in an earthquake.
• Symmetrical facade, temple front, monumental, towers have a more Mexican-Spanish influence. 

Christian churches built in the Southwest and western united states, for the purpose of conversion.

Spreading the faith. 

to extract labor and "tribute" from an area and native population in a violent of abusive manor. (Medieval concept).

**Spanish in the United States. 

Group who begins to settle New Mexico, bringing settlers and soldiers. (1598)

Gradual conversion compared to California

Serve as their own architects and contractors.

Franciscans are influenced by the art and culture of the natives.  

monastic residence

e.g. Mission Church San Esteban 

outdoor, "front lawn" of the mission church

used for outdoor mass.

e.g. Mission Church San Esteban 

sacred ground to bury important people

e.g. Mission Church at San Esteban 

Largest Male Religious order of the Roman Catholic church.

Built mission churches for conversion to Christianity in the United States.

e.g. Father Kino 

A Jesuit, who begins his work in Arizona in 1687, Pima Settlement.

He builds the mission church San José de Tumacácori in 1757. 

elaborate portal

e.g. San Xavier del Bac, Tuscon AZ 

series of square balusters (short decorative columns)

e.g. San Xavier del Bac, Tuscon AZ 

Main altar

**Depicts heaven with Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception and St. Francis Xavier at San Xavier del Bac. 

shallow domes in the ceiling.

e.g. San Xavier del Bac.