Wounded Bison, Altamira, Spain

12,000-11,000 BCE

each bison app. 5 inches long

Hall of the Bulls, Lascaux

15,000-13,000 B.C.

“Venus” of Willendorf

Austria

25,000-20,000 BCE

-Carved from limestone with stone tools to make the molded figures of the statue

Horse, Vogelherd (Germany)

Ca 28,000 BCE

Bison, La Madeleine (France)

15,000-10,000 BCE

Extremely Detailed

Bison May be making a sound by the way his mouth is open

3000-2000 BC

Prehistoric Agean

1700-1200 BC

Prehistoric Agean

1700-1200 BC

Prehistoric Aegean

3500-2575 BC

Egypt

2575-2314 BC

Egypt

2040-1640 BC

Egypt

1550-1070 BC

Egypt

Old Stone Age

30,000-9,000 BC

New Stone Age

8,000-2,000 BCE

3,500-2332 BC

Ancient Near East

2332-2150 BC

Ancient Near East

2150-1600 BC

Ancient Near East

900-612 BC

Ancient Near East

612-330 BC

Ancient Near East

Hybrid Figure (Cat)

Hohlenstein-Stadel Germany

40,000-28,000 BCE

-Shaamanism

-mammoth ivory

-lightly scratched arm

-found in Egypt

Two Bison, Ariege, France

ca. 13,000 BCE

-cracks on surfaces resulted from getting wet

-almost lifelike

Jericho (location)

Ca 7,000 BCE

-had as many as 2,000 people

-complex society, there were other settlements around Jericho. People of Jericho built a wall that is 5 feet thick and 13 feet wide.  Built of stone that is plastered together. Made with stone tools, a staircase runs through it. Oval or circular houses have been found with mud brick (wet mud which is set in the sun to dry) which was made into houses.

Plastered Skull

Jericho

Ca 7,000 BCE

-done with white plaster, the eyes are done with broken bits of shell

Human Figures

Ain Ghazal, Jordan

Ca 6750-6250 BCE

Anthropormorphic (shaped like a human)

-36 sculptures found at the site of Ain Ghazal

-bitunem

-another sculpture has conjoined twins

-Mardok: greatest god of the Babylonians 

Volcano and town

Catal Huyuk

Ca 6000 BCE

-Hasan Dag Volcano

Hassuna Pottery, Iraq

Ca. 6000-5000

Catal Huyuk

very large site, up to 10,000. Remains were made of mud brick. Square spaces were all joined together. No windows or doors except for the top. To get in and out of houses you had to go through the roof. Very secure settlement. Connected society. Structures were extremely durable. All of the builidings surround an open court. Lots of religious shrines. Shrines consist of plastered bull skulls and horns (bulls were a form of extreme power). Leopard reliefs were also found. 

Leopard relief, Catal Huyuk

6000-5700 bce

“goddess” relief, Catal Huyuk

Female Figure

Cernavoda Romania

Ca 3500 BCE

-Male figure is the one of the right

Male Figure

Cernavoda Romania

Ca 3500 BCE

-Male figure is the one of the right

Menhir Alingnment

Menec (France)

Ca 4250-3750 BCE

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain

Ca 2100 BCE

-located in England, covered in burial grounds. Set aside by the construction of a ditch which is 100 feet across and 6 to 10 ft. deep. Lintels are the stones that go across the top. Sarsen stone has a circle of smaller stones which are called blue stones.

Dolmen

Tallal-Umayri

Jordan

White Temple

Uruk, ca 3500-3000 BCE

-They would build artificial mountains to get up high to the gods.

-bent axis approach

-temples are homes for the gods (or the sculptures of the gods.)

-made of mud-brick, made on top of the remainings of at least two temples

-large platform in the center. 

White temple

Warka (same name as Uruk, just the modern name)

Inanna?

Uruk ca 3200-3000 BCE

-made of marble, which is not available in Uruk (so it must be imported from another location)

-female head

-materials in face would have included golden hair and eyebrows, but were taken from sculpture because they were valuable.

-could have been attached to a body

Warka Vase

Uruk

Ca 3200-3000 BCE

-made of stone

-Alabaster based

-bottom is made of registers (the bans the go around the case)

-the vase shows water, weeds and fertile land

-at the top, there is a servant carrying a basket to the goddess

-she sees what is being brought to her and accepting it

-on the back is an animal with a man who is known as the priest

Cuneiform tablet, Jemdet Nasr

After ca 3000

Abu Temple statues

Tell Asmar, ca 2700-2500 BCE

-all the worshippers have the same clothing on

-Abu= God of vegitation

-they are all holding cups in their hands (offerings)

-men are all almost identical to one another, very long beards and hair, skirts

-the female statue is completely clothed.

-almost 2 feet high

Stele of the Vultures (“Of Eannatum”)

Girsu 2600-2500

-Military leader of a town called Lagash

-leader was named Eannatum

-historical document

-at the bottom, the leader is going into

battle. On the back, the god named Girsu is

holding a net of a lion-headed eagle

Royal Standard of Ur

Ca 2600 BCE

-red limestone

-it shows three registers showing. On one side we see men riding cheriots into battle. The second register has armed men capturing prisoners of war.  At the bottom shows the victorious battle. On the other panel, there is a more peaceful scene. The bottom shows men carrying bags along with animals. At the top there is a feast. The king has a special skirt. They are all drinking and celebrating the victory on the first panel.

Goat In Thicket

Ur

Ca 2600 BCE

-shell fur

-worship object

Akkadian Ruler (Naram-sin?)

Ninevah

Ca 2250-2200 BCE

-Made from cast copper

- texture made from bee wax. Has a clay core.

Ziggurat of King Urnammu

Ur, ca 2100 BCE

-side staircases, built to prepare people

for religious ceremonies

-made of bricks

-nothing on the inside

Head of Gudea

Lagash ca 2100 BCE

-wearing a wool hat

-also the seated sculpture

of him

-diorite-the stone that its made out of

-texture is very detailed

-seated sculpture has his hands clasped, he is wearing a skirt

Stele with Law Code of Hammurabi

Ca 1760 BCE

-law code of over 100s of lines

-communicating with the God named

Shamash.

-page 129 in book

-four pairs of horns. He is holding a couple

of objects in his hand. He is handing them

to Hamarahbi. One is a coil of rope, and the other is a measuring stick. 

Lion Gate, Bogazkoy

Ca 1440 BCE

-stones are carved into lions

-gates to enter the city

-a use of guardian animals to mark monumental entrances.

Palace of Sargon II

Khorsabad (Dur Sharrukin)

Ca 725

-favorite activity is war

-the palace is raised up on a plateform

-enter through a gateway, and in the middle is a huge courtyard

-religious component to the whole area

-a zigorate is located around the courtyard, along with greek temples

-a drawing shows a man who is part eagle part lion. This describes a demon (or also called a genius) the man behind him is holding holy water. 

Ziggurat

Palace of Sargon II

Khorsabad (Dur Sharrukin)

Ca 725

Ashurnasipal hunting lions,

Nimrud ca 850

Ishtar Gate

Babylon

Ca 575 BCE

-glazed bricks (fired

with a colored glaze

on them) animal

decorations are on

them. Horses, deer, lions, etc. Now in Berlin.

Darius and Xerxes

Persepolis, ca 500

-they are carrying spears

-xerxes is large

-the drapery shows detail and you can see how the cloth hangs

Rhyton

5^th-3^rd c. BCE

-lion with cup

Palette of Narmer

Kierakonopolis 3150-3125 BCE

-king of upper Egypt is named Narmer. He is on the front of the palette. He is dominating a small person. On the right side there is a human head being held by a falcon, who is perched on paparus. At the top, there are two images of a human cow. She is protecting Paparus. At the bottom, there are two figures running away in fear. On the back, a man is wearing a crown. The crown symbolizes lower Egypt. On the bottom of the back there is a bull.

Mastabas (meaning bench in Arabic)

-there is a hole in the roof. Egyptians believed that when you died, your spirit (Ka) needed things. So they filled the tombs with stuff that you might need in the afterlife.  The tombs were often robbed. 

Step pyramid of Djoser (Imhotep) Early Dynastic

Saqqara, 2681-2662

-it is a tomb ( not a temple) and its form is not supposed to resemble a mountain. Built from thousands of limestone blocks.

Columns, North Palace of Djoser

Saqqara

-columns are convex rather than concave

Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafra, and Khufu, Giza

-the earliest one is the largest one.

-old kingdom

Great Sphinx, Giza, 2570-2544

Khafra

 Giza

ca 2500 BCE

-pyramid is derived from a story of the egyptians

- symbolized god of the sun – Armenrah

Benbens. accompanied by the dead pharos 

Menkaure and Khamerenebty (?)

Giza

Ca 2515 BCE

-found in the smalled pyramid

-man and woman

-there is no sense of movement

-idealized version of the pharo. Woman is dressed but looks revealing. Not much detail of drapery. Husband and wife. Linked physically. There is more of a political union than an emotional one. Made from the old kingdom in Egypt ß (that might be on test)

Mastaba of Ti

Saqqara, ca 2450

-pharo took care of land and looked after things. They are going for a hunt. Standing in a boat, and the background is a pyrus. There are vertical lines across the picture. At the top looks like there are animals (birds). Background is a natural landscape. Ti is much larger than other figures. He is dark colored- wearing a skirt.  At the bottom is a river with wavy lines with lots of creatures in it. There is a hippo at the bottom (that’s what they were hunting). One of Ti’s jobs was to make sure the hippopotamus were not eating crops.

Ka-Aper

Saqqara

Ca 2450

-only over 3 feet tall, carved out of wood.

-he lived with leasure in his life and had plenty of

food (he is kind of fat). Wood with inlayed eyes of

glass which are extremely life-like. Holding a staff

in his left hand. 

Seated scribe (unnamed)

Giza

Ca 2450

-might have been named Kai

-they painted it in a bright color to make it more lifelike.

Pepy II and his mother

Ca 2325

-child was only 6 years old. It is a small statue, no bigger than 8 inches high.  Although he is portrayed as small, he really looks like an adult. 

Rock-cut tombs

Middle Kingdom

-it is a cutaway drawing with an artificial cave. Complete with columns and a chapel. It was all made out of the rock. Columns are not structural, but decorative.

Tomb of amentnehmet, Beni Hasan

Ca 1950-1900 BCE

Sesostris III

Ca 1850

-face sculpture of a pharo. There are wrinkes in the face.  He is frowning.

Hatshepsut

Deir el- Bahari

1473-1458 BCE

-it was a woman who was married to the pharo Tuthmose II. Daughter of Tuthmose I. Sister of Tuthmose II. She did not have a child with him. He did have a son with one of his minor wives, Tuthmose III. The child wasn’t ready to rule after he died and the wife stepped in. First woman to rule Egypt. She was on her knees because she was worshipping. She is not represented as a woman in this image. Another sculpture of her makes her look more ferminine. She spent a lot of effort creating temples for herself. 

Temple of Hatshepsut

Deir el-Bahari

Ca 1478- 1450 BCE

-Senmut (who may have been her lover) was responsible for this temple. He started the middle kingdoms. Each time you go up a level, you experience more.  She was the rightful ruler after Tuthmose II. Interior was decorated throughout the temple. Some artwork showed the king and queen. The figures were painted, and the queen has rolls of fat. 

Senmut with Nefrua

Thebes

1470-1460 BCE

-this is a block sculpture. The persons knees are curled up to his chest. It almost looks cubic. The daughter’s head is also on the figure. 

Musicians and dancers

Thebes

Ca 1350 BCE

-painted on wet plaster. Bright colored. Musicians are on the left playing music, while slave girls were dancing. It was a party. 

Akhenaten

Karnak, Thebes

1353- 1335 BCE

- he was a successful pharo. Not interested in religious life. He wanted to institute a new form of worship. Worshipped the sun, anything non-human. He closed down the other temples, starting his own form of worship. This statue is 13 feet high. His body was stretched vertically. Emphasis on a sagging stomach. Not masculine. He could have had a disease. 

Akhenaten and family

Ca 1355 BCE

- holding their 3 children. Still has a sagging stomach. It is an imtimate family portrait. At the top of the image, there is a disk that is reaching out with rays that is touching all of the family members. 

Queen Tiy

1352 BCE

-portrayed with darker skin. Carved from wood, wearing an earring. There is a wig over her head. Eyebrows are inlaid. She was part of a royal family. 

Queen Nefertiti

Amarna

1348-1336 BCE

-her head looks like the bud of a flower. Intensely long neck. This sculpture was never finished. Founded in royal sculpture workshop. Used with bright colors. 

Tutankhamun

Coffin cover

1325 BCE

-did not reign for a long period of time. He was only a boy when he reigned king. Died young- age 16. He is the only pharaotic tomb discovered completely intact. He was buried with a gold cover. Linen head dress, wealthy necklaces. Death mask.

Temple of Amun-Ra New kingdom

Karnak, Thebes

Begum 15^th c. bce

Hypostyle hall, Temple of Amun-Ra New Kingdom

Karnak

Clear story windows

Huge columns

Almost every surface was carved with highrogliphics

There was rows of columns and enormous statues in the front

Ankh God- a sign of everlasting life. He was carved into the columns. One column describes an actual battle. There are people on horses fighting in a war. 

Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel

New Kingdom

Ca 1279-1213 BCE

One of only two temples that are actually built into the rock

Figures are about 70 feet high. 4 figures of the pharaoh.

Frying Pan

Khalandriani Syros Early Cycladic II

Ca 2500

-NOT an actual frying pan, just looks like one

-there are things carved into it

-there is a boat on it in the sea

-anthropomorphic- taking on of a human

-these are found in tombs. Ment to be lying down. 

Cycladic figure

Ca 2500

“Keros flutist”

Keros

ECII

2800- 2300

-sculpted with a face, and playing a double flute. 

“Keros Harpist”

Amorgos ECII

2300-2100

-most popular, he is playing a harp

-he is more expressive than the flutist. He is also seated, and his head is tilted back. These pieces were highly polished. Emery was found on island of nacsaw, which was used to create these sculptures.

Palace complex

Knossos, ca 1700- 1300

BCE

Thessius- story of the minator (half bull/ half man)

Daedalus came up with solutions.

Libirynth

Maze-like look to the palace, long narrow rooms.

-western part of building could have been apartments.  Back has a rectangular room for the king. No evidence of a king or queen here. No writings. Largest, not the only one. It is the most important.

Snake goddess

Knossos

MMII

Ca 1650 BCE

-she is wearing a hat with a cat on top of it. She is showing her control over animals. 

The palaikastro “kouros”

Palaikastro LMIA-B

Ca 1450

-made of serpentine. Wearing a skirt of gold foil- now missing. Somebody tried to destroy the sculpture. About a foot high. Statue of a young man. Clenched fists. 

“Horns of consecration”

Knossos

Ca 1500 BCE

-they may not even represent horns, some people think that they represent mountains.

Bull-leaping fresco

Knossos

Ca 1450 (LMIB)

-two people are white, one is brown. Brown man is riding the bull. Nobody knows why the men are different colors. The bull is very stretched out. The horns are small. Stretching of the bull gives a sense of the drama going on.

Harvester Vase

LMI ca 1500

Haghia Triada

-it shows men coming back from work marching. They are overlapping, which gives us  sense of depth. They are all marching side by side. Some of them have their mouths open (singing?).. they are carrying axes and instruments. 

Haghia Triada Sarcophagus

Ca 1400 (LMII)

-this is a coffin similar to the vase. It shows a scene that involves a women with her hands on a low table. She is facing a double axe. It is associated with the building. Behind her is a larger table with bull waiting to be sacrificed. Goats are underneath. Some kind of religious ritual. On the back side of the sarcophagus, there are two sets of worship going on. There is a man figure in the front, wearing a drape. No feet (maybe it is a statue?).. There are 3 men wearing skirts, one is carrying a goat, and two are carrying statues of goats. They are going to place these things as offerings. There are women in the background which have more offerings. 

Kamares ware jug

Phaistos

MMII ca 1900

-this jug was found in by mount ida. Refers back to metal prototypes. 

Kamares ware goblet/chalice

Phaistos MMII

Ca 1900

-       it has molded flowers which was a big interest. Nicely detailed. We call these decorations “plastic” but they are really made of clay. We describe this because it is molded into a shape. There is a checkered pattern and a seaweed pattern. Spirals are running around the bottom. 

Octopus vase

Palaikastro

Ca 1500 (LMIA)

Lion Gate

Mycenae

Ca 1250

-the triangle in the entrance is hollow- it is not a block so that it does not put a lot of weight down. The weight of the blocks on the outside is whats keeping it up. The name of the arch is called a corbel. The sculpture (the triangle) over the gate shows a table that they associate with religious shrines. Aniconic- a representation of something without showing an image of it. It also shows two felines, but their heads are missing. We do not know if they were cat heads or some kind of other animal.

Grave circle A

Mycenae

MH Late-LHI

1600-1500

-it is a full circle, the entrance is at the top (north). There were multiple burials. There is an outer wall and inner wall. 

In the grave you can find..

Chariot stele

Grave Circle A

Mycenae

MH Late

1600-1550

-It is an extremely violent sculpture

Daggers, Grave 4, Grave Circle A

LHI (1550-1500)

-daggers were made of silver and gold foil

-there is more gold found in grave circle 5 than the rest of Crete. On the daggers are hunting scenes. Once again it is a violent scene. There are men with spears and arrows engaging in battle. They are hunting a lion.

“Mask of Agamemnon”

Grave 5

Grave Circle A LHI (1550-1500)

Hei

Schliemen

-nobody believed the Trojan war was true back then. Schliemen believed that they were true. He wanted to discover where Troy was. He did, just by reading the poems. Mycenae was a real God, he was the most important on the greek gods. Schliemen discovered this and other gold masks. This is the finest gold object found in Mycenae. These was a sheet of gold which was hammered onto something that was made into a mask. The mask is very flat.

“Treasury of Atreus”

Mycenae, ca 1250

-the inside is very dark

Octopus Jar

1200-1125

(LHIIC)

-NOT the same of the octopus vase. There is a more tapered body, and the figures look different. It’s four legs on each side are almost identically symmetrical. It was less natural and more abstract. 

Warriors vase

Mycenae, ca 1200 (LHIIIB)

Bull Iyre

Ur

Ca 2600 BCE

4 registers

top register shows a man holding two bulls with human heads, under that is two holding cups (acting like humans), under that is animals playing musical instruments, bottom shows a man with a scorpian body and another animal carrying cups

Hall of Hundred Columns

Persepolis ca 475