Adriaen van der Spelt and Frans van Miers

        Flower Piece with Curtain, 1658

                   Ars (art) : skill, trick, deception

On Painting - 1435

   Practicing artist & university educated

   Tried to change perception of arts

Artist falling in love with his own creation

Francisco de Zurbaran (1598 - 1664)

Still life

Sensory experience

Art in everything

Transform the everyday object into art

Hans Holbein

Ambassadors - 1533

Skull in the bottom

Dead are still living

Guercino

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin Mary, 1652 - 1653

     St. Luke - patron saint of painters

     By 1400, artists considered themselves to possess an almost divine talent

     Divinely inspired artist

     Art is in the service of religion

     Angel in back ground observing his work - divine approval

     Painting can give you what words cannot

Rogier van der Weyden

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin and Child  1435

Dosso Dossi

Jupiter Painting Butterflies, 1524

     Painter - Jupiter or Zeus

              King of the gods

              Creator of all

              God's creations are just like the painters

              Allegory - competes with creation of nature

     Professor Fiorenza wrote about this artist / painting

     Art competes with nature

     Painting as mute poetry

Guercino (1591 - 1666)

Self-Portrait before Amor Fedele, 1650 - 55

Painting within a painting

Themes of love, fidelity, eternity to the art of the painting

Artistic self-consciousness and self-promotion

From craftsman to genius

Narcissus - mirror

Had to make own pigments and oils

Paint on wood

Gold-ground panel (gilding process)

Poplar wood panel - most common wood in Europe

Brush wood with animal glue

Sometimes linen used to keep wood from cracking

Layers / Steps

Gesso layer - ground gypsum mixed with water

Preliminary drawing

Red Bole Layer: soft, oily clay

Apply gold leaf on top of bole known as water gilding

Burnish with agate until fiery shine of gold

Gilding completed first

Punch marks, tool marks

Sgraffito - scratching into gold

Lets bole come through

Egg tempera painting: powdered pigments mixed with water and egg yolk

Tempera creates pure colors, thick and opaque, non transparent

Poor blending capabilities

Lapis Lazuli - ultramarine blue

Semi-precious stone from Afghanistan 

Andrea del Verrocchino (workshop)

Head of an Angel, early 1470s

          Black chalk, pen and brown ink, pricked for transfer (pouncing)

Study for Tobias and the Angel - Raphael

Tempera on wood, early 1470s

Lorenzo di Credi

Drapery Study, 1475

Drawing was fundamental - tan / neutral background then built on top of that

Lives, 1550; 1569

See readings?

Wrote a text about sculptors, painters, and architects

Elevate status of artists

Cimabue

Virgin and Child Enthroned, 1280

For main altar of church of the Holy Trinity

Florence

Over 14' high

Altar piece mimics structure of church

Giotto

Virgin and Child Enthroned, 1305

For main altar in Church of the Ogrinassti?

Duccio

Virgin and Child in Majesty, 1308 - 1311

Main Altar, Siena Cathedral

Saturation: pureness of a color, intense, luminous hues (pure colors)

Layers:

Rough layer of plaster

Smooth layer of plaster - intonaco

Paint while intonaco is still damp - paint will bind with plaster - becomes part of wall

Wait until intonaco is dry and paint on top of plaster

Paint will fall off

Preliminary under-drawing for a fresco

Usually executed in a sinoper, a reddish pigment

Frescoes in the Arana Chapel

Padua Italy, 1305

Patron was Enrico Scrovegni

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Giotto

Lamentation over Dead Christ

Illusion of Depth

Overlapping figures

Relative size

Jan van Eyck

Madonna of Chancellor Rolin, 1433

Oil paint

Translucent

Reflects light

Glazing

Atmospheric (aerial) perspective

Jan van Eyck

Double Portrait or Arnolfini Wedding Portrait, 1434

Patron: Giovanni Arnolffini

Italian merchant living in Bruges

Convex mirror below chandelier - two figures

Above mirror - "Jan van Eyck was here 1434" in Latin

Brings painter and audience into painting

Distortions in the picture

Her head is very small

His head is large

Illusion of perspective

Jan van Eyck

Usually called attention to illusion of himself

Man in a Red Turban, 1433

Something more than a painting

Gilded wood frame

Painted on top of frame

"Jon van Eyck made me - October 21, 1433" - written in frame

"As best I can"

Frame usually separates 'our world' from 'other world' of picture

Blurs this boundary by writing on it

Defined by Leon Battista Alberti in his treatise, On Painting, 1435

Everything meets at a vanishing point

Fillipo Lippi

Annunciation, 1440

Masccio

Trinity, 1425 - 28

For Santa Maria

Novella, Florence

Fresco

Fra Angelico

Annunciation, 1438 - 45

     For monestary of San Marco, Florence

     Announcing to her that she will be bearing a divine son

Robert Campin

Annunciation, 1425 - 28

Opens & closes

Robert Campin

Madonna and Child, 1425

Pollaiuolo

Apollo and Daphne, 1470s

Myth - Apollo falls in love with Daphne, she turns into a tree

Sandro Botticelli

Birth of Venus, 1485

One of the first large-scale narrative pieces

Renaissance: 'rebirth' but also 'renewal' of antiquity

**Golden hair** - 

Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa, 1503

Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo - possibly the woman in the picture?

Chiaroscuro and sfumato

Brought it to France - commissioned by King of France, hung in the bathroom

Contropposto, only in upper half

No eyebrows

Echoes Marble Portrait of a Woman, 1475 - by Verrocchio (teacher)

The Last Supper, 1495- 98

Refectory of the Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Commissioned by Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan

Bombed by Allies (oops) - everything else obliterated but this was saved

Did not use buon fresco

Hundreds of restorations - originally oil paint on top of water…. Oops

In the moment of conversation

Raphael: 1483 - 1520

Madonna of the Meadow, 1505

Balanced composition in terms of color, tone, and form

Primary colors

Complementary colors

Tone: warm vs cool

Value: yellow-green: bright / blue: darker

Michelangelo, 1475 - 1564

Sistine Chapel - 1508 - 1512

Painted standing up (not on his back)

Creation of Adam

Adam created from dust

Michelangelo's depiction - Adam is already created, showing Adam's animation

Giorgione or Titan (1489-1578

Pastoral Concert - 1508

Colore (colorito)

Venetians were more interested in colore than disegno

Optical and tactile texture

Titian

Venus of Urbino, 1538

No sense of skeletal structure

Wedding picture?

Michelangelo

Returned to Rome for good in 1534

Last Judgment, 1536-41

Second coming of Christ

Minos - in bottom of painting

Not found in the bible - found in fiction

Judge of hell

Puts bible on the same level as other fictions - huge deal

Charon

Originally painted many figures nude - people came back later to cover up

Caravaggio

Calling of Saint Matthew, 1600

Oil on canvas

For Contarelli Chapein French communicy Church of Saint Louis, Rome

Real name was Michelangelo (not the same one)

New Michelangelo in town

Tenebrism - theatrical / light & dark

Dark background / spotlight figures

Artemisia Genteleschi, 1593 - 1652

Female artist

Daughter of Orazio Gentileschi

Studied under father

Judith Slaying Holofarnes, 1610s

Oil on canvas

Emphasis on strength of woman

Caravaggio

Judith is much younger / more beautiful - maid is old

Emphasis on his terror

She looks worried

Caterina van Hemessen, 1528 - 87

Self-Portrait, 1548

Oil on wood

Dressed in high fashion

 Judith Leyster

Self Portrait, 1630

Happy

Smiling

Rembrandt van Run

Self-Portrait, 1659-60

Oil on Canvas

Impasto

Velazuez

Las Meninas

Maids of Honor - 1656

Oil on canvas

King and Queen reflected in mirror - are we the king and queen?

What is the subject of this painting?

Gustave Courbet

The Stone Breakers, 1849

Oil on Canvas

Formerly at Gemaldegalerie, Dresden (Destroyed in 1945)

Realism

Edouard Manet

Le Dejeneur sur l'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 1863

Oil on canvas

Approx 7'x8'

Scathing reviews when it was painted

No perspective / painted flatly

Pg 352 "the method… darks and highlighted areas… hard snapping presence"

Edward Manet
Olympia, 1863

Oil on canvas

Similar to Titian's Venus of Urbino

Olympia = prostitute

Pg 353 "courtesan with dirty hands… provoking the public"

Jacques-Louis David

Oath of the Horatii, 1784

Oil on canvas

Approx 11'x14'

Exemplum Virtutis (example of virtue)

Neoclassicism

Claude Monet

Sunrise, 1872

Oil on canvas

Impressionism

Local color vs modified color

Paint directly from and in nature

Shows brushstrokes

 Claude Monet

Siant-Lazare Train Station, 1877

Oil on canvas

Subject matter - Modern Paris in late 1800s

Claude Monet

Water Lilies

Mary Cassatt

The Bath, 1892

Oil on canvas

Looking from above

Space much more confined

Very intimate subject matter

Georges Seurat

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884 - 1886

Pointillism

Dutch artist

Never sold paintings

Institutionalized - self admitted

Still trying to diagnose what was troubling him

Shot himself

Vincent Van Gogh

The Night Café, 1888

Oil on canvas

Pg 371 - "color is not locally true… more forcibly to express myself"

"Express the passions of humanity… one can ruin oneself, go mad, or commit a crime"

Not reproducing reality, expressing emotion

Vincent Van Gogh

The Starry Night,  1889

Pg 372? - "Together with turbulent brushstrokes… take death to reach a star"

Paul Cezanne

The Basket of Apples, 1895

Oil on canvas

Associated with impressionism, moved beyond that

"Give me an apple and I'll change the world"

Table does not make sense

Eye focuses on individual sections - don't notice that the table is off

Black chalk, pen and brown ink, pricked for transfer

ground gypsum mixed with water

scratching into gold

The preliminary layer of plaster spread on the masonry. The sinopia. is executed on this layer. The arriccio was left rough so that the final, top layer (see intonaco) might more easily adhere to it.

Smooth layer of plaster - for fresco

Preliminary under-drawing for a fresco

Usually executed in a sinoper, a reddish pigment