EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

Between Renissance and Roman; Given name by people(artist) of the Renissance [artist of the renissance went to roman art and look down upon middle ages or medival art]

Chritsian religion is the focus of Medival art; Begins at constanine @ 313AD

EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

Stop persecution of Christians; Contantine, 313 AD; not much art or churches because of persecution; art flourishes after this edict; Constantine becomes a Christian on death bed; Emperors following are Christian

Catacomb Paintings

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EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

Before Edict of Milan; Roman tradition looks down on going into the catacombs so this was where Christianity’s art starts; plaster walls and crud paintings and ceiling painted; includes old and new testament depictions; function for religious purposes [look up “Christ as the Good Sheperd”]; Christian art adapts to Roman images whne beginning in production

EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

Use is different than Roman Temples uses; Christians use church to hold large amounts of people for services and mass; Christian use Roman idea of Basilica instead of idea of Roman temple

            -Ex: Old St. Petere’s: Basilica plan; Started under Constantine; 320 AD; focus is towards the alter

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

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EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

·      Existing Roman art form (like the style of the catacomb paintings)

·      Architectural elements divide up scenes

·      Look up Art in its Context: The Life of Jesus(text 231)

·      Christian iconography develops as Christianity does

·      Junius Bassus was a Christian convert

·      Lid may have been taken from an older coffin

·      Scenes (Divisions): mix of old and new testament; themes of miraculous intervention, resurrection, redemption, suffering

o   Top left: Sacrifice of Isaac (OT)

o   Next: Peter taken prisoner (NT; Acts)

o  Next CENTRAL IMAGE: Christ Enthroned (between Peter and Paul); Jesus shown un-bearded; shows Christ's feet on a man that looks like Kaluas the sky God from Augustus's armor(example of borrowing work for early Christian art)

o   Opposite side: Christ before Pilate

o   Next: Pilate washing his hands

o   Lower Register: Misery of Job (OT)

o   Next: Fall of Adam (OT)

o   Next: Christ’s Entering into Jerusalem

o   Next Daniel in the Lion’s Den (OT)

o   Next: Paul led to his Martyrdom

Emperor Justinian and His Attendants

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Empress Theodora and Her Attendants

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San Vitale Ravenna

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EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

·      Rules from Constantinople

·      Christian Emperor

·      Increase in church buildings

o   San Vitale Ravenna

§  Attention was on interior; exterior plain

§  Interior has lots of mosaic and inlaid tile

§  Ceiling image:

·      Jesus standing on the world

·      The churches Bishop at the time, Justinian, and Vitale present

·      Model of the church held by Bishop as if it’s being offered to Jesus

§  Emperor Justinian and his Attendants, San Vitale  c. 547

·      In the Apps on the side, opposite to Empress Theodora

·      Made of tile carefully placed

·      Justinian in the center holding a platter used for the sacrament; suggests it’s a gift to the church and the Bishop; wearing purple, jeweled pin and has crown and halo

·      The present bishop and clergy are there holding incense

·      Guards or soldier also present; Guards shield has the Chi Rho(first two letters of the title “Christ” in Greek ; from Hebrew for Messiah- anointed one) shown as an X and a P

·      Clergy, Court, and Military

·      As far as we know Justinian and Theodora never came to this church

§  Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, San Vitale  c. 547

·      Opposite Justinian; holds Jeweled Chalise; involved in his rule

·      More decorative with her and her group

·      Appear to be located somewhere else; looks as though they are coming into the Church

·      Her purple robe has the “Gift of the Magi” depicted

·      Large dark eyes and shadows

§  Location of the images important since its where the sacraments, offerings, and sermons are given

Illuminated manuscripts

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EARLY CHRISTIAN / BYZANTINE

made from sheep or calf skin “parchments”; scroll form(column of Trajan) and codex form(pages);[ look @ Art and its context: scroll and codex]; Wanted easier way to find info so made codex; had to make portions for each book; have picture and elaborate covers

Purse Cover, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

c. 625

·      During time with pagan religions

·      Person buried with ship

·      Jewelry found buried in ship; helmet

·      Purse cover:

o   Pre-Christian

o   White is modern reconstruction, but the rest is original

o   (Original fanny pack J)

o   Very symmetrical; similar to Egyptian

o   Distinct design; Mustached human figure with two animal on either side, complex linear design at top

o   Prominent animal imagery

Animal Head Post, Oseberg Ship Burial

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

c. 834

·      Two women buried and a number of artifacts

·      Similar to Keltic Viking culture

·      Animal Head post

o   Unknown animal with complex patterned surface

St. Mathew from Lindisfarne Gospel

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

c. 700

·      Just off cost of Northwest English

·      Where illuminated manuscripts are produced; in scriptorium of the monastery

·      The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John)

o   Pages- Viking linear patterns replicated; Keltic Pattern; colors reflect jewelry of the Keltic people

§  St. Matthew:  figures not very realistic, flat; shows Matthew writing his gospel with an angel over him; skill in patterns

§  Cross Page: (don’t need) EXTREMELY detailed; choice of color and repetition important

Chi Rho Iota Page From the Book of Kells

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

8^th c

·      Most famous script

·      Believed to be produced in Iona in their earliest monastery; kept later in Kells

·      Very fragile; had a note to the reader saying to be careful

·      Has similar characteristics as Lindisfarne Gospel

·      Probably ruled the pages for straight lines

·      Four Gospel writers shown (Matthew is an angel, Mark is a lion, Luke is an ox, and John is a eagle)

·      Chi Rho

o   Very elaborate; red head face at the end of the P

o   Random things like cats and mice; sacrament wafer shown

ribbed groin vault

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The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns

groin vault

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pointed arch

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ambulatory

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radiating chapels

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narthex

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transept

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flying buttress

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side aisles

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tympanum

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trumeau

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Crucifixion With Angels and Mourning Figures

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

Lindau Gospels (cover) c. 870

·      Covered in pearls, gold, sapphires, garnets and emeralds

·      Probably made in one of the monastic workshops of Charles the Bald

·      The cover was reused for another book

·      Grieving angels are shown hovering over the cross

·      Earthbound mourners are twisting in agony below

·      The figures extend the expressive Utrecht style while Christ is shown in the calmer Classical style (little sense he is suffering)

Gero Crucifix

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

Cologne Cathedral c. 970

·      Both a crucifix and reliquary ; life size

·      Has a cavity in the back of the head to hold communion bread that has been consecrated by the priest

·      Carved in wood

·      Gero was Archbishop of Cologne

·      Shows his human suffering

Doors of Bishop Bernward

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EARLY MEDIEVAL

St. Michaels, Hildesheim  1015

·      Bishop Bernward was an important patron to the last Ottonian king and queen; was a skillful goldsmith

o   The bronze doors he was commissioned to make was the most complex bronze casting projects

·      More than 16 feet tall; portrays scenes from the Hebrew bible

o   Creation of eve at the top to Abel’s murder by Cain at the bottom

o   Scenes from NT on the right(don one side, up the other in historical)

ROMANESQUE

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Cathedral of St. James

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ROMANESQUE

(Reconstruction, plan, interior) Santiago  c. 1080

·      Held the body of St. James the apostle

·      Designed to accomadate large numbers of pilgrims(pilgrimage plan)

·      Used nave, transept, compounded columns, barrel vaults

Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy 

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ROMANESQUE

c. 1010

·      Sainte Foy- a female child martyr

·      Holds her skull

·      Head made from a reused roman work

Durham Cathedral (nave and plan)

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ROMANESQUE

c. 1093

·      Durham-English military outlet

·      Nave retains Norman character after restoration

·      Makes use of ribbed groin vaults in restoration

South Portal of Saint-Pierre

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ROMANESQUE

Moissac (Christ in Majesty) c.1115

·      Tympanum

·      Christ flattened figure takes up most the relief

·      Visualizes second coming

·      Shows Matthew the Man, Mark the lion, Luke the Ox, and John the eagle(they frame Jesus)

·      Based on Revelation

                        Trumeau  (Jeremiah)

·      Has crisscrossing pair of lions

·      On either side, the prophet jeremiah twists toward the viewer; works within the constraints of the Trumeau

·      Influenced by Islamic art

Last Judgment Tympanum from West Portal

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ROMANESQUE

Saint-Lazare, Autun c. 1120

·      Shows Christ at the center and Mary throned as the Queen of heaven

·      St. Peter is depicted as the heavenly gate keeper

ROMANESQUE

c. 1080

·      Really an embroidery

·      Recounts the history of the Norman Conquest of England

·      Related to the story of Macbeth

                        Funeral Procession to Westminster

                        The Battle of Hastings

Chartres Cathedral

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GOTHIC

(façade, plan and nave) c. 1145

                        Royal Portal (west)

            Notre Dame, Paris (exterior) c. (1180-1260)

·      Cathedral seat of Bishop

·      “Our Lady”- dedicated to the Virgin Mary

·      Story of the Virgin Mary relic

·      Read in book about it

·      Square towers

·      Enlarged portals

GOTHIC

(exterior) c. (1180-1260)

·      Cathedral seat of Bishop

·      “Our Lady”- dedicated to the Virgin Mary

·      Story of the Virgin Mary relic

·      Read in book about it

·      Square towers

·      Enlarged portals

Saint Theodore, Porch of the Martyrs

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GOTHIC

Saint Theodore, Porch of the Martyrs, Chartres c. 1230

·      Built for tourism and religious reasons

·      Rebuilt after fire in 1194

·      Has mismatched towers

·      Makes use of flying buttresses

·      Depicts many biblical things in stain glass-used to be cleaner and possibly were able to tell from your seat was depicted

·      Royal Portal (Central)

o   Middle is the second coming

o   Left is the Ascension

o   Right is Madonna Enthroned

·      Porch of the Confessors (Jamb)

Annunciation and Visitation (west portal

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GOTHIC

Reims Cathedral c. 1230

·      Annunciation- Mary is told she’s pregnant (pair on the right); she goes to see cousin Elizabeth, whose pregnant with john the Baptist (left pair)

·      Reims had been a major Roman city; ancient resources inspired the sculpture

o   Used idealized faces for the woman and imperial portraits aspects (such as heavy mantles)

o   Mary is shown simple and delicate in the Annunciation with Gabriel and shown bold in the visitation with Elizabeth- indicates work of another sculpture on Mary-third sculpture did Gabriel

o   Used fine characteristics that became common in Gothic sculpture

Queen Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX

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GOTHIC

Moralized Bible c. 1230

·      Moralized bibles- illustrated portions of old and new test. And have commentaries; now made in workshops in cities rather than monetary; still a limited audience

·      Shows Blanche and Louis and the people making the illuminated manuscripts

·      Influenced by stain glass windows

Death of the Virgin

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GOTHIC

(tympanum) Strasbourg Cathedral c. 1230

Ekkehard and Uta

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GOTHIC

 Naumberg Cathedral c. 1250

·      Commissioned by the Bishop of that church at that time

·      Contains statues of the church’s benefactors

o   Ex: Ekkehard and Uta

§  Painted, survived

§  Shows wealth

§  Individualized face of the man; woman possibly idealized

Shrine of the Three Kings

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GOTHIC

by Nicholas of Verdun, Cologne Cathedral c. 1190

·      A reliquary made for the Church of Cologne, Germany

·      Relics of the kings

·      Lots of precious objects inlaid

·      Artists during this time become well known

Virgin and Child Enthroned, Cimabue

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THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE

Cimabue c. 1280

·      Iconic image of Mary as the Queen of Heaven

·      Central panel all that is left: was triptych

Madonna Enthroned

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THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY ART IN EUROPE

Giotto c. 1310

·      Same image as above; just done by another artist

·      More realistic than Cimabue because of shadows and highlights and shows Mary’s lap through light and dark