Term
[image]
What is the arrythmia shown? |
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Definition
Ectopic beat
- Atrio ventricular node re-entry
- atrioventricular re-entry
- ectopic atrial tachcardia |
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Term
[image]
what type of arythmia is this? |
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Definition
sinus tachcardia
no clearly defined episodes
background of anxiety
more than 100bpm
can see the pulse in the chest or neck
variable p wave with a regular narrow QRS complex |
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Term
what arrthymia is this?
[image] |
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Definition
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
clearly defined episodes up to days at a time with weak and strong beats
symptoms:
- exhausted
- shortness of breath (SOB)
- chest pain |
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Term
what is the arrythmia shown?
[image] |
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Definition
supraventricular tachchardia
- clearly defined episodes of around 7-45 minutes
- 140 beats or more per minute
symptoms:
- can see it in the chest/neck
- can be terminated with adenosine or drinking water to relax the heart |
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Term
what type of arythmia is this?
[image] |
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Definition
wolff parkinson white syndrome
diagnosed using an ECG which has a delta wave and a short PR interval
symptoms:
- abnormally fast heart beat
- palpitations
- syncope (fainting)
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Term
what arrythmia is this?
[image] |
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Definition
atrial flutter
- atria contract faster than the ventricles so they are out of sync caused by the re-entry of the AP back into the atria
- sawtooth pattern on the ECG |
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Term
| what are the ways for treating paroxysmal (comes and goes) Atrial Fibrillation? |
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Definition
beta blocker
flecainide
amiodarone
ablation (where the part of the heart that is causing the problem is destroyed) |
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Term
| what treatment is used for persistent atrial fibrillation? |
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Definition
| cardioversion (where a defribillator shocks the heart back into a normal rhythm) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the electrical impulse is prevented from getting from the atria to the ventricles |
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Term
| what happens in ventricular tachchardia? |
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Definition
| improper electrical activity of the heart that starts in the ventricles |
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Term
| what are some of the drugs which are used to treat atrial fibrillation? |
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Definition
beta blockers
calcium channels blockers
if uncontrollable then digoxin can be used |
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Term
what type of arrythmia is this?
[image] |
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Definition
AV nodal re-entry tachycardia
- caused by re-entrant loop in the AV node
- fast pathway of the AV node is blocked because its refractory so the impulse has to go down the slow route coming back up and round through the fast in a re-entry loop.
- as a result the atria and the ventricles basically contract at the same time
ECG notes:
- Long PR segment as the impulse goes down the slow pathway
- another P wave found immediately after the QRS complex because of the re-entry loop |
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Term
| what is the difference between syncope and pre-syncope? |
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Definition
| syncope is hypoperfusion to the brain due to low BP & heart rate resulting in fainting. Pre-syncope is where you feel light headed and as if you are about to feint but not actually feinting like with syncope |
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Term
| what are prodromal symptoms? |
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Definition
| early signs that indicate to a patient that they are about to have a fit (such as with epilepsy) |
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Term
| what are some of the causes of CV issues leading to syncope? |
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Definition
1. SAN disease: tachbrady syndrome where the heart rate varies greatly
2. Carotid sinus syncope: where the blood pressure is so low due to the hypersensistivity of the carotid sinus that you feint
3. Complete heart block
4. ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation
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Term
| what is vasovagal syncope? |
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Definition
when you feint due to an over stimulation of the vagus nerve which results in bradycardia, decreased perfusion of the brain and feinting
can be caused by:
- soldiers on parade/tickling/hitting funny bone/sight of blood etc.
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Term
| what treatments are there available for vasovagal syndrome? |
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Definition
mild symptoms:
- reassure, behavioural adaptations
more severe:
- drugs like a beta blocker
severe:
- perform a tilt test to look for cardioinhibitory response
- the patient may respond to a pacemaker/pacing |
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Term
what type of arrhythmia is this?
[image] |
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Definition
sinus bradycardia
less than 60 bpm |
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Term
what type of arrhymia is this?
[image] |
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Definition
junctional bradycardia
- the SAN doesn't work properly and the heart rate is reliant on the AVN intrinsic beat which is lower.
- No P wave on the ECG |
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Term
| what is first degree AV block and what are the signs on the ECG? |
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Definition
| abnormally long PR interval due to slowing of conduction through the AVN |
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Term
what type of AV block is this?
[image] |
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Definition
second degree AV block (
- Longer PR interval, increasing in length until every 3rd or 4th beat the atria depolarise and the P wave returns
- irregular narrow QRS |
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Term
what type of AV block is this?
[image] |
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Definition
2nd degree block (Mobitz II)
- Normal PR interval but every so often there is a dropped beat
- usually a problem with the bundle of His |
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Term
what type of AV block is this?
[image] |
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Definition
3rd degree/complete block
- the impulse in the SAN does not reach the ventricles in any heartbeat.
- the ventricles escape and contract thanks to the escape rhythm of the AVN
- atrial and ventricular depolarisation are unrelated |
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