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| What 3 things does critial thinking refer to? |
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1. awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions 2. ability to ask and answer critical questions at approprite times 3. the desire to actively use the critical questions |
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| provides a model for active readers and listeners as they try to determine the worth of what they read and hear |
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critical thinking can either be used to___ or ___ your initial beliefs |
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the use of critical thinking to defend your current beliefs |
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weak sense critical thinking |
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| the use of critical thinking to evaluate all claims and beliefs, especially your own |
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| strong sense critical thinking |
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| Someone's intended message to you; It's purpose is to shape your beliefs and/ or behavior |
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a question of controversy responsible for the converation or discussion. It is the stimulus for what is being said |
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| issues that raise questions about the accuracy of descriptions of the past, present, or future |
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| issues that rise questions about what we should do or what is right or wrong, good or bad |
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| explanations or rationales for why we should believe a particular conclusion |
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consists of a conclusion and the reasons that support it |
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| reasons we have not previously considered |
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| the existence of multiple possible meanings for a word or phrase |
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| only ambiguity in the ____ is crucial to critical thinkers |
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| what are the 4 very important components of reasoning? |
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1. the key terms and phrases 2. which of these are adequately defined 3. which of these possess other possible definitions, which if substituted, would modify your reaction to the reasoning 4. which of these are ambiguous within the context of the arguments |
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an unstated belief that supports the explicit reasoning |
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the unstated ideas that people see as worthwile. They provide the standrds of conduct by which we measure the qulity of human behavior |
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| the importance one assigns to ___ have major influences on choices and behavior |
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| values are ___ of ___ that we expect people to meet |
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| an implicit preference of one value over another in a particular context. |
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| beliefs about the way the world is |
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| beliefs about how the world should be |
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| type of descriptive assumption; taking for granted one meaning of a term that could have more than one meaning |
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| an unstated belief about how the world was, is, or will become |
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| ideas, that if true, enable us to claim that particular reasons provide support for a conclusion |
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| a reasoning "trick" tht an author might use while trying to persuade you to accept a conclusion |
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making the assumption that proposed step will set off an uncontrollable chain of undesirable events, when procedures exist to prevent such a chain of events |
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| an attack, or an insult on the person rahter than directily addressing the person's reasons |
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| falsely assuming that because part of a problem would remain afer a solution is tried, the solution should not be adopted |
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| searching for the perfect solution |
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| a key word is used with 2 or more meanings in an argument such that the argument fails to make sense once the shifts in meaning are recognized |
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| an ttempt to justify a claim by appealing to sentiments that large groups of pepole have in common; falsely assumes that anythin favored by a large group is desirable |
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| appeal to popularity (Ad populum) |
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| supporting a conclusion by citing an authority who lacks special expertise on the issue at hand |
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| appeal to questionable authority |
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the use of emotionally charged language to distract readers and listeners from relevant reasons and evidence |
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| distorting our opponent's point of view so that it is easy to attack thus we attack a point of view that truely does not exist |
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| assuming only 2 alterntives while there are more than 2 |
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| either or (or false dilemma) |
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| making the faulty assumption that because we wish X were true or false, then X indeed is true or false |
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| falsely assuming that because you hve provided a name for some event or behvior tht u have also adequatey explained the event |
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| the use of vague emotionally ppealing virtue words tht dispose us to approve something without closely exmining the reasons |
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| an irrelevant topic is presented to divert attention from the oricinal issue to help to "win" an argument by shifting attention away from the argument to another issue. The fllact sequence in this instance is as follows (a) topic A is being discussed (b) topic B is introduced (c) topic A is abandoned |
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