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the study of the human past.
part of the science of anthropology, which is the study of humanity in the widest possible sense.
Specifically, it is the study of material remains, usually from the past, to describe and explain human behavior. |
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| study prehistoric times, from the time of the earliest human beings up to the frontiers of documented history |
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| the study of the remains of the great classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. |
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| Egyptologists and Assyriologists |
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| Study Egypt and Mesopotamia |
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| the study of the archaeology of a variety of ethnic groups living in Syria-Palestine |
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| the study of sites and ancient shipwrecks on the sea floor and lake bottoms |
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| the study of sites and remains from the ancient Americas (North, Central, South) |
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| the study of archaeological sites from periods from which written records exist |
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| studies buildings and other structures dating to the Industrial Revolution or later |
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| conduct archaeological surveys and excavations for environmental impact statements and protection of historic sites, among other duties = cultural resource management (CRM) |
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| Like ethnographers, ethnoarchaeologists live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of understanding how such societies use material culture |
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1. Conserving and managing the world's archaeological sites for the future.
2. Studying sites and their contents in a context of time and space to reconstruct and describe long sequences of human culture. This descriptive activity reconstructs cultural history.
3. Reconstructing past lifeways.
4. Explaining why cultures change or why cultures remain the same over long periods of time.
5. Understanding sites, artifacts, food remains, and other aspects of the archaeological record and their relation to our contemporary world. |
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| Step Pyramid of Djoser (Zozer) |
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| c. 2686 BCE, Egypt, built by Imhotep |
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| 1500-1000 BCE, moved capital to Thebes/Luxor |
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| United Upper and Lower Egypt c. 3000 BCE |
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| Oct 23, 4004 beginning of the world |
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| 700 BC, assigns ages to time periods, own period is Iron Age |
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| Charles Townley's Gallery |
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| Jacques Boucher de Perthes |
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| 1788-1868, look at the bottom of mountains and riverbeds |
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| Three Age System - Stone, Iron, Bronze Age |
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| Jean Francois Champollion |
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| 1790-1832, cracked the Rosetta Stone |
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| 1817-1894, Nineveh Sculptures |
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| 1810-1895, focus on analysis |
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| Darius the Great of Persia, c. 519 BC, Old Persian, Babylonian, Median |
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| Sir Matthew William Flinders Petrie |
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| Stratigraphy, Battleship curve of pottery, 1853-1942 |
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| 1890-1976, wheeler method |
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| 1906-1972, Jericho, refined wheeler method |
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| Up until the past several decades, archaeology was frequently used to provide examples of things referred to in the historical record and to test the accuracy of that record. |
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| Processual (or New) Archaeology |
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| New Archaeology shifted the focus from "what" and "who" to "how" and "why |
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| Post-Processual Archaeology |
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| without asking “who,” we cannot get a meaningful “why.” People with habits and attitudes, likes and dislikes, strategies and emotions, are important after all. |
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| Post-Post-Processual Archaeology |
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| “Neo-Pragmatism” uses the best of Processualism and Post-Processualism, adds in a dash of new thought, and represents an advance over both previous models. |
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| 3.5-3.8 mya Tanzania, 40 miles SE of Olduvai Gorge |
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| Lucy (Hadar, Ethiopia), 1974 |
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| Neolithic Revolution/Fertile Crescent |
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| the general name denoting the more or less continuous distribution of artifacts over the earth's surface, in highly variable densities. |
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| consist of any material remains of human activity – a scatter of broken bones, a ruined house, a gold mask… |
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those agencies, natural or cultural, that have transformed the archaeological record since a site was abandoned.
natural or cultural |
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| the physical substance that surrounds the find |
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| inorganic materials typically survive in the archaeological record while organic materials typically do not |
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Denmark, ca. 4th century BC
Discovered in 1950 by two men cutting peat in a bog |
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| a fancy term for excavation or survey, i.e. the nuts and bolts of archaeology |
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| objects manufactured or modified by humans. |
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| artifacts and artifact associations that cannot be removed intact from the ground, such as postholes and ditches. |
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| houses, granaries, temples, and other buildings that can be identified from standing remains, patterns of postholes, and other features in the ground |
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| sometimes refers to food remains, such as bones, seeds, and other finds, which throw light on human activities |
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| is the precise three-dimensional position of the find within the matrix as recorded by the archaeologist. Every human artifact has a provenance in space, as well as in time. |
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| The Principle of Association |
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| If they are found by each other, they are probably related |
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| The Principle of Superposition |
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| the lower strata are earlier than the upper strata. |
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| Physical surroundings + Time + Association |
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| the original context of the find, undisturbed by any factor, human or natural, since it was deposited by the people involved with it. |
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| refers to the context of a find whose primary context has been disturbed by later activity. Very frequently, excavators of a burial ground will find incomplete skeletons whose graves were disturbed by deposition of later burials. |
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| places where traces of past human activity can be found |
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| (sometimes called chronometric chronology) refers to dates in years. This can be used when one has coins or calendars. |
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| establishes chronological relationships between sites and cultures. |
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| is a type of relative “sequence dating”…a technique of ordering artifacts by their structure and design, especially using their frequency or popularity of use in a culture. |
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| Israel/Palestine, 8th Century, where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found |
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| Junk science advocates a cause, pays little attention to the investigative process, ignores contrary evidence, and advertises a high moral purpose |
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Ron Wyatt's discoveries include Noah's Ark, Sodom and Gomorrah, The Red Sea Crossing, Mt. Sinai, the Ark of the Covenant and How the Pyramids were built.
Ron Wyatt is credited by the Turkish Government with the discovery of Noah's Ark. He has also made other very important discoveries relating to Biblical archaeology: including the discovery of Sodom and Gomorrah, The Red Sea Crossing, Mt. Sinai in Arabia and The Ark
of the Covenant.” |
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| site discovery conducted at ground level |
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| site discovery conducted from the air or from space |
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| preliminary examination of a survey area to identify major sites, to assess potential, and to establish tentative site distributions |
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| a systematic, detailed field survey that covers an entire area; may include subsurface testing |
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| simple random, stratified random, systematic, stratified unaligned systematic |
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| Oman (2800 B.C. - 300 A.D) |
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| Site and Mausoleum of the First Emperor Qin (pronounced “Chin”) ca. 210 B.C.E. |
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| Terracotta Warriors Other Pits |
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| 188 BCE, weird and armless |
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| AD 600-1000, Temple of Kukulkan (El Castillo), Temple of the Warriors |
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| 1450-1532 AD, Peru, Hiram Bingham |
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| Selective digging – usually a probe of deep archaeological deposits to reveal the chronological sequence at a site |
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Total excavation
Selective excavation |
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| Selective digging – sometimes given the French name sondages, or referred to as "telephone booths," are a frequently used form of vertical excavation |
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| usually used to expose contemporaneous settlement over a larger area. |
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| Excavation by Visible Layers |
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| This method involves removing every visible layer in the site separately |
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| Excavation by Arbitrary Levels |
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| Here the soil is removed in standard-sized arbitrary levels |
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| 1995 discovery of the 500-year-old Inca “Ice Maiden” |
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| Dr. Mair finds white mummies in China, proves some sort of connection between China and countries with white people |
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| c. 3000 BCE, border between Italy and Switzerland |
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