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| "he must be guilty because of the look on his face. How do you know he isn't sad rather than guilty? Because he is the one who did it!" |
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| The fact that you accept a position is not sufficient for anyone else to believe |
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| A long-winded pursuit of an argument leading away from the point at hand |
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| People who argue a point by arguing everything else- using charts or graphs that have nothing to do with the initial argument |
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| Attaching an unreal opponent |
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| When we appeal to an expert who is not in fact really an expert in the area of concern |
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| Unclear or Shifting Conclusions |
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| If you say that you mean illegal drug offenders, don't argue that drugs are bad for the body |
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Whatever people desire, that is what is desirable.
or
people are free as long as they can thnik for themselves.
Prisoners in jail are free to think for themselves.
Therefore, prisoners are free. |
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you argue that one ought to be a christian because the Bible tells you so.
You argue that one ought to be a Muslim because the Koran tells you so. |
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| Attacking your opponent- the way he or she dresses, or talks or even where he or she went to school |
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| In politics often called "the chilling effect" or the "domino theory" |
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| Backing up a position with force. |
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| Using photographs of suffering people to persuade someone to side with you and take your point of view |
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