The Arts & Crafts Movement (Philosphy, goals, leaders, etc.)

1880 and 1910. 

    The A&C Movement was a reaction against a poor aesthetic quality of Industrial Revolution in Gr. Britain.

It was a Socialist reform Movement which embraced artists, architect, designers, writers and craftsmen of all types. 

The Arts and Crafts movement was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin and a romantic idealization of the craftsman taking pride in his personal handiwork, it was at its height between approximately 1880 and 1910.

    Philosophy: To destroy  “the
commercial system, to discredit it, undermine it, overthrow it.”

The result was a celebration of al types and levels of art, including "minor crafts"; and lead to appreciation of even a most humble  worker.

    Style: Emphasized proportion, simplicity of form, fitness to purpose, enhancement of natural textures.

    Leaders: William Morris, Arthur Mackmurdo...

William Morris, Carpet, 1889

William Morris, Brother Rabbit Chintz Pattern

William Morris, trademark for the Kelmscott Press, 1892.

William Morris, Golden typeface, 1888-90. This font inspired renewed nterest in Venetian and Old Style typography.

William Morris, The History of Reynard the Fox (1893)

William Morris (designer) and Walter Crane (illustrator), title page spread or The Story of the Glittering Plain, 1894.
Operating on his compulsion to ornament the total space, Morris created a uminous range of contrasting values.

William Morris, The Kelmscott Chaucer (1896)

William Morris, Kelmscott Press

THE DOVES PRESS (Est. 1900)

T.J. Cobden-Sanderson & Emery Walker,
Doves Press Bible (1903)

Neuland, a "display" typeface hand-carved in 1923 by Rudolf Koch

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Koch designed the Neuland face with the intent of making a modern version of the German black letter (or black face) style. 

Koch’s gothic revivals achieved unusual legibility, striking typographic color and spatial intervals, and many original
forms and ligatures.

Fredric W. Goudy,
booklet cover, 1911

Fredric W. Goudy Page 45 from American Type Founders’ Specimen Book
and Catalogue 1923 presented the
Goudy series of Old Style fonts, including fonts designed by others.

revivals of earlier typeface designs

excellence in book design and typography

private press movement

A&C Movement inspired other movements such as Art Nouveau, the Dutch De Stijl group, Vienna Secession, and eventually the Bauhaus. The movement can be assessed as a prelude to Modernism

William Addison Dwiggins (June 19, 1880Martinsville, Ohio - December 25, 1956 Hingham, Massachusetts ) was a U.S. type designer, calligrapher, and book designer. He attained prominence as an illustrator and commercial artist, and he brought to the designing of type and books some of the boldness that he displayed in his advertising work.

Morris Fuller Benton (November 30, 1872 –June 30, 1948) was an influential American typeface designer who headed the design department of the American Type Founders (ATF). Benton designed more than fifty typefaces, ranging from revivals of historical models like ATF Bodoni, to adding new weights to existing faces such as Goudy Old Style and Cheltenham, and to designing original designs such as Hobo, Bank Gothic, and Broadway.

One of the most popular imports was the Japanese woodblock print called
Ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world).

Ukiyo-e style was the leading art movement during Japan’s Tokugawa period
(1603-1867)

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 • Japanese woodblock prints generally had a
black outline filled with flat or graduated color.

• The images were designed as simplified abstract
shapes and silhouettes.

• This look influenced Art Nouveau and other
movements in Europe.

Jules Cheret 

1836-1933

Central figures 

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Eugene Grasset

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• developed a “coloring book style”
thick black contour drawing with flat color
(similar to medieval stained glass windows)

• influenced by medieval arts and japanese
wood block prints

• his formal compositions and muted colors
contrast to Cherets informal bright colors.

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was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman, and illustrator, whose immersion in the decadent and theatrical life of fin de siècle Paris yielded an oeuvre of provocative images of modern life.

Broke new ground in poster design with his 1891 poster La Goulue au Moulin Rouge. Developed a jounalistic, illustrative style that captured the nigh life of the beautiful era of nineteenth century paris.

Throughout his career, which spanned less than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created 737 canvases, 275 watercolors, 363 prints and posters, 5,084 drawings, some ceramic and stained glass work, and an unknown number of lost works

ENGLISH ART NOUVEAU:

A. Beardsley,  

The first of a dozen European art periodicals. Created a strong momentum toward an international style.

The Studio magazine was the foremost source of Art Nouveau in England at the turn of the century and featured illustrations by such artists as Beardsley, Crane, Bradley, and others.

First issue in 1893, published Beardsley's design:

the bold, Symbolist-inspired linear drawings.

Beardsley's flamboyant black and white block print with its brilliant incorporation of Japanese two-dimensional composition, may be regarded as a highlight of the Aesthetic movement and an early manifestation of Art Nouveau taste in England.

• English illustrator- was the enfant terrible of Art Nouveau. Stunning pen line, vibrant black and white, shocking and exotic images

• Strong kelmscott influence but w/ distorted figures and replacing the formal borders with stylized flat patterns.

• Sweeping lines

• William Morris diskliked Beardsley's work and didn't want association with it.

Illustrated for Oscar Wilde as well as the Inland printer.

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Alphonse Mucha

also central female figure

[image]Because of design complexity and muted colars his work lacked Cherets impact from far, but once up close people were astounded.

His dominant theme was a central female figure surrounded by stylized forms derived from plants and flowers. Stylized hair patterns became a hallmark of the era. Sarah Bernhardt was pleased with his poster of her and signed him to a six year contract for sets, costumes, jewlery and posters. He didn't like the label "art nouveau" because he believed art was eternal but was still associated with the movement.

The Beggarstaffs

• James Pryde and William Nicholson

Under the pseudonym, The Beggarstaffs, they virtually created the modern poster, with clear outlines and large areas of flat colour. Perhaps the most influential graphic designers of all time.

• not influenced by Art Nouveau.

James Pryde and William Nicholson were brothers-in-law. Developed a new technique, later named collage.
Used sissors to cut out shapes

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Will H. Bradley (1868-1962) master of American Art Nouveau, illustrator, designer, printer, typographer and art director.

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In 1889 Art nouveau comes to America. Was inspired by English sources. Bradley used beardsley's style as a stepping stone to fresh graphic technique and visual unity of type and image that moved beyond imitation. Made innovative use of photomechanical techniques to produce repeated overlapping and reversed images. Used flat shapes to represent figures and stylized contours.established wayside press.

Ethel Reed

between 1895 and 1900

Responsible for some of the best American posters produced between 1895 and 1900.

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She was first American woman to achieve prominence as woman in graphic design. She goes to England to produce poster and then vanishes at only 22.

Henri van de Velde

Tropon poster 1898

He was an artist and a teacher. A key person in Belgium. Influenced by William Morris.

His teaching was a vital source for the development of 20th century
architecture and design theory
*TROPON POSTER [image]

He synthesized sources into a unified style. Known for his essay (deblaiement d'art). Work evolved from plant motifs to rhythemic linear patterns. He did book designs for Nietzsche; they were his masterworks. His work was important for the 20th century art and architecture theory which stated design is as important as all other art. He was asked to Wieman to become a professor or director. Worked with and developed an arts and crafts workshop at the school.

Frank Lloyd Wright (and influences)

1867-1959

His architectural style departed from European influences into a purely American form, one that included the idea that buildings can be in harmony with the natural environment.

Glasgow School / Glasgow Four
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh
• J. Herbert McNair
• Margaret Macdonald
• Frances Macdonald

Developed a unique style of lyrical originality and symbolic complexity. They innovated a geometric style of composition by tempering floral and curvilinear elements with strong rectilinear structure. Their work ranged from melancholy expressions to elegant, simplified designes. The MacDonald sisters held strong religious beliefs and embraced symbolist and mystical ideas. Graphic designs by the four are distinguished by symbolic imagery and stylized form. Bold, simple lines define flat planes of color.

In 1897 a group of Viennese artists formed the "Secession" as an exhibition association to promote the modern arts, and Gustav Klimt was elected its first president.

 The secession became a countermovement to the floral art nouveau that flourished in France and Germany.

Koloman Moser

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Dada

Tristan Tzara, Dada periodical
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Marcel Duchamp, The Fountain
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Marcel Duchamp as Rose Selavy
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Marcel Duchamp, L..H.O.O.Q.

A European artistic and literary movement (1916–1923) that flouted conventional aesthetic and cultural values by producing works marked by nonsense, travesty, and incongruity. 

Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in neutral Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1920. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literaturepoetry, art manifestoes, art theory), theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti war politic through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art. The movement influenced later styles, Avant-garde and Downtown music movements, and groups including Surrealism, Nouveau Réalisme, Pop Art and Fluxus.

[image] Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur

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Suprematism is an art movement focused on fundamental geometric forms (in particular the square and circle) which formed in Russia in 1915-1916.

[image]Kasimir Malevich originated Suprematism in 1915

Futurism

Filippo Marinetti

Fortunato Depero

Futurism was an art movement that originated in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century

Filippo Marinetti

Marinetti's theory of "words-in-freedom" was central for the renewal of typography in this century, and his book Zang Tumb Tumb (1914) [image]

Anime In Una Bomba

Fortunato Depero, Dinamo Azari [image]

1922's Multiplied Cyclist gives us an ultra stylised view of motion, the cyclist shown at three stages of his passage, the wheels of his bike sending forth the 'electric folds' of energy we have already seen in Depero's work, the entire canvas 'framed' with exciting, spiky chevrons.

[image] Malevich

In the early 1920's a group of architects and artists, influenced by some of the ideas of DaDa, formed a movement called de Stijl (Dutch for The Style). Theirs was a utopian philosophical approach to aesthetics, centered in a publication called de Stijl, which presented their ideas and designs.

The founder of the publication and leader of the group was Theo van Doesburg, an architect. Other important participants were Gerrit Rietveld and Piet Mondrian.

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 Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907 and 1914

Cubism was the most radical and influential “ism” in 20^th Century art. It provided the catalyst to 20^th Century art that the I5th Century Italian Renaissance provided to the I6th Century Italian High Renaissance. Cubism was the joint invention of Picasso and Braque. Dedicated “ to the simplification of painting”, they (attempted) to exclude all but the formal elements of art: line, shape, and color (formalism). Inspired by Cezanne, the Cubists developed a new way of depicting space which involved multiple and mixed perspectives. Because they believed that there “was no one fixed view of nature”, the figure and ground were given equal importance and broken into geometric components or facets. Cubism lead to abstraction and necessitated a new way of looking at art. The first phase, Analytical Cubism was more intellectual than its more decorative second phase, Synthetic Cubism.

is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world

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Analytical Cubism is the first developmental phase of Cubism. The work is difficult to read (interpret) and is willfully ambiguous. Objects were deconstructed into their components.

guitar as Synthetic Cubism- synthetic cubism is more of a pushing of several objects together

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Evening Red Tree, Impressionist

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tree as analytical Cubism

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Apple Tree in Flower 1912

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Cabaret Voltaire

organized by Tristan Tzara

Kurt Schwitters is generally acknowledged as the twentieth century's greatest master of collage.

Kurt Schwitters, Merz Periodical Cover 

The Isms of Art[image]

Exhibition Display

Poster for Pelikan[image]

Photomontage,

Frottage-rubbings made to compose new images directly on paper.

Decalomania-transferring images from printed matter to a drawing

Rene Magritte “The Therapist” 1937[image]

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was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works.

Kandinsky, Improvisation 31, 1913[image]

solarization

A "rayograph" was made by placing a three-dimensional object or series of objects on top of a piece of photographic paper and exposing it to light.

Pictorial Modernism

In the 1900s posters were strongly affected by modern-art and communication needs of world war (1914).

Poster designers were influenced by cubism and constructivism
but still needed to maintain a pictorial reference to effectively
communicate with the general public.

Lucian Bernhard

He moved graphic communications one step further in the
-simplification and reduction of naturalism into a language of shape
- and sign. (a process started by Toulouse-Lautrec and continued by the
Beggarstaffs)

Approach: flat color shapes, the product name, and product image
introduced the “sachplakat” (object poster)

1. honor Soldiers
2. create a following for national leaders/symbolic figures
3. disparage leaders of the enemy forces
4. arouse emotions
5. emphasize public contribution (conservation, gardening, blood)

was an American artist and illustrator. He worked in media ranging from fine art painting to cartooning, but is best remembered for his posters.

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A. M. Cassandre (Adolphe Jean Marie Mouron)

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Jean Carlu

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Austin Cooper

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was a Russian artist, sculptor, photographer and graphic designer. He was one of the founders of constructivism and Russian design;

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Dance. An Objectless Composition, 1915

pioneer of geometric abstract art and one of the most important members of the Russian avant-garde and Suprematist movement.

Black Square 1915 

Russian Constructivism

(political basis for)(ideology)

dismissed "pure" art in favour of an art used as an instrument for social purposes, specifically the construction of a socialist system. 

is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world

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Bauhaus (Weimar/Dessau/Berlin)

- drew inspiration from expressionism
- sought a new unity of artists and craftsmen to build for the future
- Stained glass, wood, and metal workshops were taught by an artist and a craftsman

Walter Gropius

“Form follows function”

In the spirit of reductive minimalism, Bayer developed a crisp visual style and adopted use of all-lowercase, sans serif typefaces for most Bauhaus publications.

Bayer designed the 1925 geometric sans-serif typeface, universal,

is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.

He created an influential Twentieth-Century architectural style, stated with extreme clarity and simplicity. His mature buildings made use of modern materials such as industrial steel and plate glass to define interior spaces.