Term
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Definition
Uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas). |
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Definition
| Encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site. |
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Definition
| Building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe. |
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Definition
| A building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood) |
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| Applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance in order to avoid hardship. |
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Definition
| A change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area |
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Definition
| Required open space measured between property line and face of building. Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness |
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Definition
Utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns. They help insure that buildings will not be erected in the bed of projected streets or of potential street widening. |
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Definition
| Legal right of government or another land owner to use one’s property for a specific purpose |
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Definition
| Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public |
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Definition
| Valuation of property for the purpose of taxes |
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Term
| Business Improvement Districts |
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Definition
| Used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes. |
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Term
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Definition
Power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access (public utilities, right of way). |
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Definition
| Place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners. |
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Definition
| Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/campers). |
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Definition
| Commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo) |
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Definition
| If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs. |
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Definition
| Right for people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives) |
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Definition
| area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships |
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Definition
| area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections |
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Definition
| 1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres |
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Term
| US Survey - Quarter Section |
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Definition
| area 1/2 miles on each side |
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Definition
| The two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular |
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Definition
| A collector/distributor road into a shopping center |
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Definition
| Low capacity roads with direct access to a site |
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Definition
| Connection roads between local and arterial streets |
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Definition
| Wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation |
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Term
| Slope - flat area - good for all activities |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Slope - very steep, subject to erosion |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Slope - street surface drainage |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Slope - streets/driveways |
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Definition
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Term
| Maximum length of a block |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 400 feet max w/ 80 feet turn around |
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Term
| Dimensions of a 2 lane highway w/ 9'-0" shoulders |
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Definition
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Term
| landscape strip dimensions |
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Definition
| 7 feet w/ trees or 4 feet w/ grass/dirt |
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Term
| typical street surface materials |
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Definition
| concrete, asphalt, gravel, or decomposed granite |
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Term
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Definition
| 9'-0" wide by 18'-0" to 20'-0" long |
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Term
| accessible parking space dimensions |
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Definition
| minimum of 8'-0" wide with an access alley of 5'-0" wide for cars or 8'-0" wide for vans |
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Term
| Parking - square footage per car w/ circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| most effective/efficient parking layout angle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract. |
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Term
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Definition
process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features. |
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Term
| Historic Preservation - Preservation |
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Definition
| least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible |
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Term
| Historic Preservation - Rehabilitation |
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Definition
| retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values |
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Term
| Historic Preservation - Restoration |
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Definition
| remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period |
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Term
| Historic Preservation - Reconstruction |
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Definition
| new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time |
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Term
| Nationals Park Service Standards for Preservation |
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Definition
• Use a property as it was historically intended to, or maximize the rendition of distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships if there is a change
• History character of a property will be retained and preserved. Do not replace historical materials that are intact or can be repaired
• A property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use.
• Changes to property that are now also considered historical will be preserved (e.g. the minoan columns at Knossos that were painted red as an act of restoration)
• Distinctive materials/features/finishes/construction or examples of craftsmanship will be persevered • Existing condition of historic features will be evaluated to determine the appropriate level of intervention. • Chemical/physical treatments will be gentle if absolutely required. • Archeological resources will be protected/preserved in place |
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Term
| Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City |
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Definition
-Is about how users perceive and organize space as they navigate through cities.
-Also known as legibility, the ease with which people understand the layout of a place based on the following:
Paths: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on
Edges: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines
Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character
Nodes: focal points, intersections
Landmarks: readily identifiable objects become reference points |
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Term
| Camillo Sitte's City Planning According to Artistic Principles |
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Definition
suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts):
Planning cannot be done in two dimensions, but three.
Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum (marketplace) were good urban spaces Public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space
Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares |
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Term
| Clarence Perry's The Neighborhood Theory |
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Definition
Served as a framework to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities.
No major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form the perimeter to define the “place” of the neighborhood Interior streets to use cul-de-sacs and curves for low volume traffic Population would be determined by the number of people needed to support one school, and would be about 160 acres with 10 families per acre.
The school would be at the center of the neighborhood so that a child would have to walk 1/4 mile - 1/2 mile, and without crossing any major streets Shopping, churches, services would be placed on the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood 10% of the land area would be dedicated to parks and open space for community |
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Term
| Tony Garner's Wrote Une Cité Industrial |
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Definition
Suggested that functions of a city could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure, industry, work, and transportation
Was developed in response to the industrial revolution Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries they’re related to, and there are no churches or government/police buildings so man can rule himself.
Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete Designed innovative building block with free standing houses Enormous open spaces.
There are few squares or parks Trees are incorporated into important streets |
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Term
| Sir Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities of To-morrow |
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Definition
Describe a utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the Garden City Movement “Three Magnets” pull a people are: town, country, town-country Suburban towns of limited size, but financially independent could be planned ahead and surrounded by a belt of agricultural land, balancing the desire for the city and the country. These cities would be connected by a ring of rail transportation and surround a large central city. |
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Term
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Definition
| land was passed from father to eldest son |
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Term
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Definition
| land could be transferred and used however the owner pleased |
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Term
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Definition
| market, trade, or tributary area: geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates. |
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Term
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Definition
| test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to test suitably of soil for a leachfield. |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west layout of the US Survey system |
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Term
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Definition
| parallels between the baselines in the US Survey |
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Term
| Survey - Principal Meridian |
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Definition
| meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey |
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Term
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Definition
| meridians between the principal meridians |
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Term
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Definition
| standard or point of reference against which things may be compared |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached |
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Term
| Topography - Contour interval |
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Definition
| change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity. |
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Term
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Definition
| contours point “down” toward the lower elevation |
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Term
| Topography - Swale/Valley |
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Definition
| contours point “up” towards the higher elevation |
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Term
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Definition
| concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center |
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Term
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Definition
| concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center |
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Term
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Definition
| max depth at which soil will freeze. Below, the soil stays warmer than freezing. |
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Term
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Definition
| wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land protrusions |
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Term
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Definition
| an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water. |
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Term
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Definition
| low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, !and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not the water itself). Owners can use water adjacent to their property, but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.! |
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Term
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Definition
| water that flows across paved surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water under ground and is the water source for wells |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site. |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish |
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Term
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Definition
| embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction). |
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Term
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Definition
| the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, and soils/sand are low. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude |
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Term
| Macroclimate - Islands/Costal Region |
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Definition
| constant & moderate temperature |
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Term
| Macroclimate - Arid/Desert Region |
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Definition
| low humidity & greater temperature variation |
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Term
| Macroclimate - Mountainous Region |
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Definition
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Term
| Microclimate - Greatest sun rays |
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Definition
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Term
| Microclimate - Winter Solstice |
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Definition
| least hours of sun and low sun angle |
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Term
| Microclimate - Summer Solstice |
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Definition
| most hours of sun and high sun angle |
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Term
| Microclimate - Vernal/Autumnal Equinox |
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Definition
| equal hours of sun and dark |
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Term
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Definition
| when moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face it flows both over roof and down the facade. Air collects at the base of the building which results in a high velocity swirl of wind. |
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Term
| Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon |
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Definition
| the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
| the composite of weather conditions (described in data or quantifiable units) including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall, as well as site conditions including microclimate, topography, ground cover, water, and elevation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of the pattern of relationships between a group of organisms and their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| an environment of living organisms and non-living components |
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Term
| Determine the Land Value - Comparison Method |
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Definition
| compared to other similar parcels (can be applied to all categories of use) and is the most accurate if current data is available. |
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Term
| Determine the Land Value - Development Method |
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Definition
| when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price. |
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Term
| Determine the Land Value - Residual/Income Approach Method |
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Definition
| used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest & best use) |
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Term
| Determine the Land Valu - Allocation Method |
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Definition
| used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
| well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
| stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
| must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
| soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water |
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Term
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Definition
| soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity, great for farming |
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Term
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Definition
| rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay |
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Term
| Bearing Capacity - Bedrock |
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Definition
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Term
| Bearing Capacity - Well graded gravel/sand |
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Definition
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Term
| Bearing Capacity - Compacted Sand/Fill |
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Definition
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Term
| Bearing Capacity - Silt/Clay |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata |
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Term
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Definition
| the drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| soil testing that uses an auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. Most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It has limited depth |
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Term
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Definition
| an intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Very reliable and expensive |
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Term
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Definition
| an excavation of an open pit that allows for a visual examination of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing. Can determine the depth of the water table. |
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Term
| Foundations - Spread Footing |
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Definition
| Most economical…$ method. Delivers load directly to soil. Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity. |
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Term
| Foundations - Mat Foundations |
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Definition
| Very expensive…$$$ method. Typically it’s only used when the strata is weak,It acts as one continuous foundation. |
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Term
| Foundations - Belled Caissons |
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Definition
| holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. They’re basically really, really deep spread ! footings! |
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Term
| Foundations - Socketed Caissons |
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Definition
| like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces. |
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Term
| Foundations - End Bearing Piles |
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Definition
| 2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata |
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Term
| Foundation Type - Friction Pile |
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Definition
| Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil! |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior setting: a space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time (e.g. Tossing scarf during the national anthem at Jeld-Wen Field during a Timbers match) |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic record taking about members of a population. Began in 1790 and occurs every 10 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistical study of human populations |
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Term
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Definition
| number of people per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| actual number of people in a given location. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| behavioral system where person/group lays claim/defends an area |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping of people arranged so that each can have privacy from others |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest difference in 2 sounds the human ear can detect Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x loud. |
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Term
| Noise - Sleeping, studying, whispering |
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Definition
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Term
| Noise - Conversation, comfort |
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Definition
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Term
| Noise - Safety Threshold! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Trees thin out high frequency noises
• Typically doubling the distance between source and ear reduces level by 6 decibels
• On freeways, doubling the distance between source and ear reduce level by 3 decibels
• Winds add “white noise” that blurs any one sound frequency.
• Walls close to a noise source reduce high frequency, but midway between the source and the ear does nothing |
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Term
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Definition
| process of ensuring that system are designed, installed, and functionally tested for effective operation/maintenance for an owner’s operational needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve an optimize operating/maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of heat transmission where a Low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a High U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window) |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of thermal resistance in a component. (U-Value = 1/R-Value) and typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night) |
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Term
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Definition
| tamper roller used during the soil compaction process which has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members such as concrete form work |
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Term
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Definition
| creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water. |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place |
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Term
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Definition
| providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth wall screated by excavation |
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Term
| Soil stabilization methods: |
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Definition
• Silt fence: filter fabric usually fixed to wood stakes filers find sediments from runoffbefore it gets to streams
• Straw bale dams/earth dikes: placement prior to grading will minimize loss of soil.
• Hydroseeding or mulching: Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass or a layer of mulch
• Retaining walls: a more permanent solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| an assessment of the environmental impacts of a product in each phase of its use, from raw material to disposal. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by a person, place, or thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which water on the ground surface enters the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| the passage of moisture into/through a material or construction in the form of water vapor due to a difference in vapor pressure in the two faces |
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Term
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Definition
| materials expand (and contract) due to temperature variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| boundary between aerated and water saturated soil that can rise and fall seasonally |
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Term
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Definition
| a reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe, etc. established due to the dependency of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road |
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Term
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Definition
| underground conduit used to carry rainwater from a catch basin to a body of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to release hydrostatic pressure from foundation of retaining walls |
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Term
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Definition
| or foil sheet that resists the diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies, located on the warm side of the insulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit that measures how often outdoor daily dry-bulb temperatures fall below an assumed base, normally 65°F |
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Term
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Definition
| is the flow of water through holes, cracks, and other discontinuities into the basement walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when water wicks into the cracks and pores of porous building materials, such as masonry blocks, concrete, or wood. These tiny cracks and pores can absorb water in any direction—even upward. |
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Term
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Definition
| Design of spaces/neighborhoods that encourages social interaction |
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Intimate Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Personal Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Social Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Public Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Hot & Dry |
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Definition
| minimize sun exposure and effects of wind. Use small windows. Optimize thermal mass for large temperature swing during the day, and closely cluster buildings for the shade the offer each other. |
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Hot & Humid |
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Definition
| minimize sun exposure, maximize natural ventilation. Use lightweight construction to minimize radiation of heat and space buildings far apart for breezes |
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Temperate |
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Definition
| maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in the summer. Maximize breezes in the summer, minimize in the winter. Take advantage of daylighting opportunities |
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Cold |
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Definition
| orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds and use small windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss. Use south facing windows to maximize solar gains. |
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Sunlight |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Full Daylight |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Overcast Day |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Very Dark Day |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Twilight |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Full Moon |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Public Space w/ Dark Surroundings |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Homes, Warehouses, Theatres |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Office, Library, Grocery Store |
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Definition
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Term
Cost Estimating:
Prelimanry Costs |
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Definition
| SF Cost Estimates; based on occupancy, size & type of construction |
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Term
Cost Estimating:
Detailed Cost |
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Definition
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Term
Cost Estimating:
Value Engineering |
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Definition
| process to get the best value for the project using similar, but more affordable materials and techniques |
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Term
Cost Estimating:
Pro-forma |
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Definition
| financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/return on investment |
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Term
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Definition
| not legally binding. Use of a mediator to reach agreement between each party |
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Term
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Definition
| legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts. It’s a form of binding dispute resolution, equivalent to litigation in the courts |
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Term
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Definition
| conflicts/disputes that are resolved in a court of law. Typically a last option |
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Term
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Definition
| legal technique where an insure takes over for a party for whom it has made a payment. (e.g. damage to a property under construction caused by a subcontractor is covered by insurance who then sues subcontractor in the owner’s name) |
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Term
| Insurance: Professional Liability |
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Definition
| Held by architects/design professionals. Liability due to negligence or not meeting the standard of care expected of them. (eg: not designing ADA compliant restrooms in a public building) |
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Term
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Definition
| Held by almost everyone. Liability to employees for injury or sickness as a result of their employment |
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Term
| Insurance: Property/Builders Risk |
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Definition
| Held by owner. Covers any damages, loss of work on site/ off site/in transit |
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Term
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Definition
| Held by owner. Covers any financial loss due to delay in construction because of damage, accidents, fire, other hazards needed to be dealt with. |
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Term
| Insurance: Product & Completed Operations |
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Definition
| held by contractor. Liability for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title. |
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Term
| Insurance: Contractual/Indemnification |
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Definition
| Liability assumed by contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events |
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Term
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Definition
• Code applies to all AIA members regardless of membership category
• Common ethics violations:
• Attribution of credit
• Accurate representation of qualifications
• Attainment and provision of examples of work
• Basic honesty Penalties for Violations:
• Admonition (private) – letter of ruling sent to the parties and kept in member’s file
• Censure (public) – letter is sent and notification of the case and ruling is published to AIA membership
• Suspension of membership – membership is suspended for period of time; 1 or 2 years & ruling is published
• Termination of membership – membership is terminated & ruling is published |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Winds - Pleasant *and* noticeable |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pedestrian Circulation - Area of a Person |
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Definition
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Term
| Pedestrian Circulation - Easy Movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Pedestrian Circulation - Crowd Movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Pedestrian Circulation - No Movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Pedestrian Circulation - Sidewalks |
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Definition
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Term
| Pedestrian Circulation - Collector Walks |
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Definition
| 6'-0" to 10'-0" wide min. |
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Term
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Definition
| Building code that specifies techniques, materials and methods to be used. Cut and dry and simple to administer by the official |
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Term
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Definition
| Building code that describes functional requirements, but leave method to achieve decisions up to the designer. |
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Term
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Definition
| values for how long a separation can resist the passage of fire. Stated in terms of hours and can be increased with the use of sprinklers. (eg: walls, doors, windows, floors, etc.) |
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Term
| Flame Spread Rating/Smoke Developed Ratings |
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Definition
| measures the amount of flame and smoke a material generates. (e.g. Carpet, fabrics, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| a location designed to hold occupants when evacuation is not safe or possible. Has a steady supply of outside air, passive fire protection, electrical integrity/ emergency lighting, two way communication/call box to 24 hr manned, or outside line |
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Term
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Definition
| vary between every city, and influence building design through the regulation of land, function, size, and exterior elements. |
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Term
| environmental impact assessment (EIA) |
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Definition
| is an assessment of the possible impact—positive or negative—that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects originated in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted in 1970 |
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Term
| environmental impact statement (EIS) |
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Definition
| under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act for federal government agency actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment."[1] A tool for decision making, an EIS describes the positive and negative environmental effects of proposed agency action - and cites alternative actions |
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