Term
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Definition
| a loss or impairment in the ability to produce wriiten language caused by brain pathology |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(motor or spatial)
-(non aphasic agraphias |
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Term
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Definition
-OGLE= (1867) introduced the term agraphia
-EXNER (1881) proposed a "writing center" (base of the second frontal gyrus, in front of the primary motor area of the hand)
-DEJERINE (1891) described the "alexia without agraphia' syndrome
-GERSTMAN (1940) proposed that agraphia can appear with acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia in a single syndrome (Gerstman's or angular gyrus syndrome) |
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Term
CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
Aphasic Agraphias |
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Definition
-agraphia in Broca Aphasia
-agraphia in Wernicke Aphasia
-agraphia in Conduction Aphasia
-other Aphasic Agraphias |
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Term
CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
Non-aphasic agraphias |
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Definition
-motor agraphia
-paretic agraphia
-hypokinetic agraphia
-hyperkinetic agraphia
-other motor agraphias |
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Term
| CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS |
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Definition
-pure AGRAPHIA
-APRAXIC AGRAPHIA
-SPATIAL AGRAPHA |
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Term
CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
other writing disturbances |
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Definition
-hemiagraphia
-frontal writing disturbances
-confusional states
-psychogenic agraphia |
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Term
CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
-central aphasias |
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Definition
-phonological agraphia
-lexical (surface) agraphia
-deep agraphia |
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Term
CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AGRAPHIAS
-peripheral aphasias |
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Definition
-spatial (afferent) agraphia
-apractic agraphia |
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Term
agraphia in Broca aphasia
-SPOKEN OUTPUT |
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Definition
-sparse output
-effortful
-poor articulation
-short sentences
-dysprosody
-agrammatism
-phonological paraphasias |
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Term
agraphia in Broca aphasia
-WRITTEN OUTPUT |
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Definition
-sparse output
-effortful
-clumsy calligraphy
-abbreviated input
-agrammatism
-literal paraphasias |
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Term
| agraphia in Broca aphasia |
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Definition
-disorders in writing are clearly correlated with the fundamental linguistic defect
-writing is slow, clumsy, painstaking, short, and agrammatic
-literal paragraphias due to anticipations (take-> kake), preservations (take-> tate), and letter omissions, particularly in syllabic clusters (glass-> gass).
-calligraphy is poor |
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Term
| agraphia in Broca aphasia |
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Definition
| -right hemiparesis is usually observed, and the patient has to use his/her left hand in writing. this change implies an additional problem. writing difficulties, in consequence, are not the only result of the linguistic defects. |
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Term
| agraphia in wernicke aphasia |
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Definition
| -patients with wernicke ahasia present an impairmnt in writing ability characterized by a fluent writing, well-formed letters, contained in an inappropriate way. |
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Term
| agraphia in wernicke aphasia |
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Definition
-literal paragraphias (additions, substitutions and omissions of letters), verbal and neologistic paragraphias are also found.
-written language deficit parallelizes the oral language defect |
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Term
| agraphia in wernicke aphasia |
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Definition
-grammatical elements are observed frequently, these grammatical elements are overused
-sentences may lack clear limits; nouns may be under-represented, writing may be non understandable (jargonagraphia) |
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Term
agraphia in wernicke aphasia
SPOKEN OUTPUT |
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Definition
-normal ARTICULATION
-fluent
-normal phrase length
-normal prosody
-paragrammatism
-paraphasias |
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Term
agraphia in wernicke aphasia
WRITTEN OUTPUT |
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Definition
-normal calligraphy
-fluent
-normal sentence length
-paragrammatism
-paragraphias |
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Term
| agraphia in conduction aphasia |
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Definition
-variable
-afferent motor agraphia (Luria)
-literal paragraphias
-self-corrections (conduit d' approach)
-apraxic agraphia |
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Term
| agraphia in conduction aphasia |
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Definition
-spontaneous writing is superior to writing by dictation.
-literal paragraphias (substitutions, omissions and additions of letters) in complex phonological sequences, low frequency words and pseudowords.
-patient recognizes that the word is incorrectly written, but when attempting to correct it, new errors are observed. writing contain a significant number of corrections. |
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Term
| agraphia in conduction aphasia |
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Definition
-patient may state that he/she knows the word (and even repeats it for him/herself) but cannot remember how to write it.
-writing is slow and difficult
-some ideomotor apraxia may exist, and even letters are poorly formed, even though in general they are recognizable
-sometimes an evident apraxic agraphia is found |
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Term
AGRAPHIA IN OTHER APHASIAS
-GLOBAL APHASIA |
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Definition
| -severe defects in writing |
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Term
AGRAPHIA IN OTHER APHASIAS
MIXED EXTRASYLVIAN |
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Definition
| -severe writing defects, but some ability to copy is preserved |
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Term
AGRAPHIA IN OTHER APHASIAS
EXTRASYLVIAN SENSORY APHASIAS |
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Definition
| -verbal paragrahias, writing defect is variable depending upon the extension of the pathology to the parietal lobe |
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Term
AGRAPHIA IN OTHER APHASIAS
EXTRASYLVIAN MOTOR APHASIA |
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Definition
| -inability to write, reading is better |
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Term
AGRAPHIA IN OTHER APHASIAS
ALEXIA WITH AGRAPHIA |
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Definition
| -no writing, literal agraphia |
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Term
motor agraphia
-PARETIC AGRAPHA |
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Definition
-lower motor neuron (flaccidity)
-upper motor neuron (spasticity)
-large, poorly written latters |
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Term
motor agraphia
HYPOKINETIC AGRAPHIA |
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Definition
-parkinson's disease
-resting tumor
-micrographia |
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Term
motor agraphia
HYPERKINETIC AGRAPHIA |
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Definition
- huntington's disease
-cerebellar agraphia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Exner (1881) proposed a "center for writing" (base of the second frontal gyrus, in front of the primary motor area of the hand)
-Dubois, Hecean & Marcie (1969) reported four cases of frontal "pure agraphia"
-some authors name the apraxic agraphia as pure agraphia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-kleist (1923) distinguished several types of apraxic agraphia (apraxia for holding the pencli, apraxia for writing texts, and apraxia for writing letters)
-goldteain (1984) refers to apractoamnesic agraphia
-Hecaen & albert (1978) apraxic agraphia feres to the inability to form graphemes
-Crary & Heilman (1988) apraxic agraphia can appear without other manifestations of ideomotor apraxia (pure agraphia) |
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Term
spatial agraphia
&
visuospatial agraphia |
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Definition
| have been considered as a non aphasic writing disorder, resulting from visuospatial defects that impairs orientation and correct sequencing in writing |
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Term
spatial agraphia
&
visuospatial agraphia |
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Definition
| a disturbance of graphic expression due to an impairment in visuospatial perception resulting from a lesion in the nonlanguage-dominant hemisphere |
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Term
spatial agraphia
characteristic: |
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Definition
1. some graphemes are produced frequently with one,two, or even more exra strokes
2. the lines of writing are not horizontal but slant at variable angles of inclination to the top or bottom of the page
3. writing occupies only the right-hand part of the paper;
4. blanks are inserted between graphemes that make up the word, disorganizing the word and destroying the unity |
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Term
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Definition
it is a consequence of:
1-left hemi-spatial neglect
2-constructional difficulties in writing
3-general spatial defects
4-some motor disautomatization and tendency to perseverate |
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Term
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Definition
| usually associated with spatial alexia, spatial acalculia, left hemi-spatial neglect, constructional apraxia, and general spatial difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| some degree of spatial agaraphis is observed in about 75% of the patients with right retro-rolandic lesions, and about 50% of the patients with right pre-rolandic lesions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| prefrontal writing disturbances |
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Definition
agraphia without alexia
-dysexecutive agraphia |
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Term
| araphia in confusional states |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
classified according to the basic language disorder associated with agraphia:
-agraphia in Broca aphasia (non-fluent agraphia), agraphia in Wernicke aphasia (fluent agraphia) |
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Term
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Definition
-lexical (surface) agraphia
-phonological agraphia
-deep agraphia |
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Term
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Definition
-motor agraphia
-spatial agraphia
-apraxic agraphia |
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Term
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Definition
spatial (afferent) agraphia
-apraxic agraphia |
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Term
central agraphias
(dysgraphias) |
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Definition
| -affect one or more of the processes involved in the spelling of familiar and non familiar words (and pseudowords) |
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Term
central agraphias
(dysgraphias) |
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Definition
| affect spelling in all ways; handwriting, typing, oral spelling |
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Term
central agraphias
(dysgraphias) |
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Definition
| three types; phonoloigical, lexical(surface), and deep |
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Term
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Definition
-ability to write familiar words, both regular and irregular, but is unable to spell nonwords
-good performance in legitimate words is observed even in low-frequency words, that contains unusual spelling patterns |
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Term
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Definition
-striking inability to write legitimate pseudowords under dictation
-spelling errors observed in this group of patients are not usually phonoligically correct but may present a high degree of visual similitude with the target word. |
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Term
| lexical (surface) agraphia |
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Definition
-dysfunction on the lexical system
- the disorder is characterized by difficulties for spelling irregular and ambiguous words with a preserved ability to spell regular words |
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Term
| lexical (surface) agraphia |
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Definition
-dysorthography in Spanish
-the patient ability to write decrease as the orthographic ambiguity of the target word increases. as in surface alexia, the word frequency plays a decisive role |
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Term
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Definition
- refers to a writing disorder characterized by:
1- the inability to spell nonwords and function words
2-better spelling of the highly imaginability than low imaginability nouns
3-semantic paragraphias |
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Term
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Definition
| also associated with phonological agraphia, and consequently these patients present lesions at the level of the supramarginal gyrus and the insula, but their lesions are notoriously more extended |
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Term
| peripheral agraphias (dysgraphias) |
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Definition
| affect only one spelling modality. usually a good oralspelling associated with difficulties in writing have been reported (occasionally, the opposite pattern has been found) |
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Term
| spatial (afferent) agraphia |
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Definition
associated with right hemisphere lesions has been relatively well analyzed
-Lebrun (1976) proposed to name this type of agraphia as "aferent agraphia" |
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Term
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Definition
the main defect is situated at the level of implementing the peripheral motor processes, the "graphic motor patterns"
-writing is correct from the point of view of spelling, even though letters may be seriously deformed |
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