Shelter

Climate

Convenience/Functionality

View/Beauty

Meaning/Communication

Architecture

Bishop's Palace

Galveston, TX

Nicholas John Clayton

• Representative of people and culture of city
• Represents a moment in Texas culture
• Eclectic
• Gentle, Feminine, Soft Details

Foam House

Austin, TX

Charles Harker

• Hippies, Rebellion, Reinventions (1960's)
• Rejecting Old Traditions
• Organic/Extension of Landscape
• New Technology

• Personality/personal characteristics
• Exposure to various things, ideas, or places
• Age, era, current technology, and politics
• Choices and beliefs (based on previous 3 things)

Hugo Haering

(Overarching Values)

• Society depends on individuals
• Nature is man's great teacher

Hugo Haering

(Architectural Values)

• Design is intuitive, emotional, and spiritual
• Beauty is relevant
• Each building is unique
• Function, then Expression

Mies van der Rohe

Overarching Values

• Society depends on its institution
• The collective knowledge of western tradition is man's great teacher
• "reason is the first principle of all human work"

Mies van der Rohe

(Architectural Values)

• Design is a rational process
• Beauty is universal
• Architecture should exemplify the spirit of its age/era
• Construction and structure are the primary criteria of architecture

Albert Speer

(Overarching Values)

• Society depends on its leaders
• Fate is the great controller of our destiny

Albert Speer

(Architectual Values)

• Design is a tool for communicating ideas
• Buildings should be representative of their genetic type
• Richness, wonder, and drama are the overriding characteristics of architecture
• Architecture is a means to greatness (immorality)
• Classic values are the great teachers (Greek&Roman)

Farm at Gut Garkau

Germany

Hugo Haering

• All-purpose
• Movement and order based on functionality
• Farm shaped by farming processes
• Unique solutions to generic problems

Barcelona Pavilion

Spain

Mies van der Rohe

• Enough space for function
• No definition of space; room for freedom
• "less is more"
• Minimal elegance

Farnsworth House

Illinois

Mies van der Rohe

• Flood plane
• One room made of glass suspended above ground
• Steel structure
• Exposed structural materials

New State Chancellery

Berlin, Germany

Albert Speer

• Hitler's offices
• Sequence of portals and guards resemble Hitler's power
• Society depends on its leaders

Sensual/Visual Form

Triad

1. Firmness
2. Commodity
3. Delight

structurally sound and physical requirements of the building;climate control

(physical considerations)

Commodity

accommodation of activity and life;functionality

(human factors)

1. Balance
2. Proportion
3. Symmetry
4. Light
5. Space
6. Shape
7. Line
8. Color
9. Material
10. Scale
11. Rhythm
12. Texture

Cathedral, Chartres

France

• Motivated by religion
• Connection of Mary and Christ
• Limestone
• Elements of form: symmetry, balance, texture, color, light, scale

Chateau

France

Le Vau/Le Notre/Le Brun

• Motivated to be the most powerful house
• Show's architect's power
• Begining of the ideas for the palace at Versaille's
• Elements of form: texture, color, scale, space
• Intimacy and power

Taj Mahal

(India)

• Motivated by grief
• Elements of form: proportion, symmetry, shape, light, material, scale

Chapel, Ronchamps

France

Le Corbusier

• Spiritualiy (not religion)
• Pilgrimage chapel for women
• Relative beauty
• Elements of form: shape, line, texture, color, space, light/drama, rhythm

Aspects of

Intellectual and Artistic Expression

• Beautiful and provocative
• Social Attitude/morality
• Rules of Painting
• Hypocrisy
• Political Views

Periods of Thought-Provoking

Architecture

• Renaissance
• Modern (20th Century)

Themes of

Intellectual Architecture/Art

• Order (mathematical clarity)
• Complexity
• Technique

Villa Rotunda

Italy

Palladio

• Astronomy connection
• Perfect Shapes
• "Puzzle"
• Cosmic Center
• Harmony by Proportion
• Nothing can be added or subtracted without destroying the whole

Casa Rotunda

Switzerland

• Perfect Cirlce
• Expression of clarity/order overrides function

Dormitory at Bryn Mawr

Pennsylvania

Louis Kahn

• Analysis of dorm function
• Establishing architecture
• Public spaces purposely distributed
• Strict shapes and formal composition
• Orderly rhythm

S. Carlo alla Quattro Fontante

Rome

Borromini

• Abiguity
• Facade vs. piazza
• Central organization vs. linear
• Ellipse instead of circle
• Shades of gray (both/and not either/or)

Denver Museum of Art

Colorado

Daniel Liebskind

• Controversy about confusion
• Disorientation/Instability
• Exciting and dynamic
• "mysterious" light
• No right angles

S. Andrea

Italy

Alberti

• Technique/technology
• Walls penetrated by holes
• Merging technology
• How forces move
• Weight arried downward
• Logic and analysis

Shroeder House

Holland

Gerrit Rietveld

• Technology
• Industril
• "house of cards"
• Big windows and sheets of glass

Centre Pompideau

Paris, France

Piano and Rogers

• Museum for modern art
• Technnology and mechanics
• Exposed structure
• Connections
• Modern Era

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...

• Golden Section (.618034)
• Pyramids (5/8)
• Golden Spiral
• DNA, Sunflowers, Pinecones, etc.

The Pyramids

Egypt

• Equilateral Triangles
• 5/8 ratio
• Same proportion and geometry throughout
• Face N,E,S,W exactly
• Numbers create a structurally sound building

Claude Ledoux

• Perfect environment=Perfect society
• Circles
• Designed around salt functions and its geometric properties
• Rings

• Elevating a building
• Mysticism/Spirituality
• Economy and Practicality/Efficiency
• Intellectual Puzzle
• Creating an iconic building

Stockholm Library

Sweden

Gunnar Asplund

• Elevated the idea of books and language
• Squares and circles
• Enter through center of the circle
• Surrounded by books

Guggenheim Museum

New York

Frank Lloyd Wright

• Modern art museum
• Make collection have presence in the city
• Squares, circles, triangles
• Plain
• Simple, abstract Geometry

U.S. Pavilion at Expo

Montreal, Canada

Buckminster Fuller

• Aware of resources
• Least amount of steel used
• Solution: dome
• Hexagon, sphere
• Technological advancement
• Shading to reduce heat absorption
• Early space missions exhibits

Zollverein School of Design

Germany

Kazuyo Sejima

• Set apart from industrial surrounding
• Squares
• Windows distrbuted differently
• Open Floor Plans
• Light fixtures on a grid

Capito Buildings

Dacca, Bangledesh

Louis Kahn

• Discontinuous Pakistan=2 capitols
• Abstract geometry
• Cylinders, Squares, Triangles, Circles
• Concrete & Marble
• People transcended old culture and the building became iconic

Peter Eisenman

• Vacation and main houses
• Theory: people can live anywhere (no need for function)
• Names: House 1, House 2, etc.
• Generates form from geometry
• Everything come from a math puzzle
• Intersection of planes, squares, etc.

• Materials (resources)
• Phenomena (wind, sun, rainfall)
• Patterns of Movement (water, people)
• Physiognomy (forms themselves)

Wat Arun and Royal Palace

Thailand

• Extensions of nature
• Markets in canals
• Inspirations: hats, praying hands, graceful dances, wats (Buddhist temples)

• Light
• Movement
• Texture
• Realistic Design
• Furniture Design
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Casa Mila

Spain

Antonio Guadi

• Apartment building
• Inspired by nature
• Nature is sacred
• Coastline, mountains
• Spider-Web-Like
• No right angles
• Magical Landscape
• Manmade and natural materials are interwoven
• Ventilation using wind towers

Dipoli Student Union

Finland

Reia Pietila

• Fits into the site
• Boulders taken from surrounding areas
• Heavily treed
• Transparency
• VCanopy
• Interior has natural qualities

TWA Terminal at Kennedy Airport

New York

Eero Saarinen

• Transatlantic flights
• Flight (Phenomena)
• Birds and Dragons
• Lighter than air feeling
• Movement of people
• Transforming man into bird

Phaeno Science Center

Germany

Zaha Hadid

• Understanding of science and organisms
• Movement of people under building
• Cave like underneath

Guggenheim Museum

Spain

Frank Gehry

• Built on a river
• Fluidity, Hydrodynamics, Active water
• Scales and fish
• Rhythm from movement

St. Ignatius Chapel

Seattle

Steven Holl

Sensual/Visual Form: Curvilinear and juxtaposing shapes, complex space, mysterious light, colors and light, contrasting textures

Intellectual Form: Happiness vs. Depression, Light vs. Dark, Sense of clarity and order, extensive technique, complex solutions to catholic ceremonies (seven bottles of light)

Geometric/Numerical: golden section, shapes

Organic/Nature: growth, light, landscape

Museum of Contemporary Art of the XXI Centur

Japan

Kazuyo Sejima

Elements of form: shape in chairs

Intellectual: art itself, relaxation areas for relief, perception twisting

Jewish Museum

Berlin, Germany

Daniel Liebskind

• Emotional content
• Enter underground (like Jewish victims)
• No direct progression through galleries (disorientation)
• Elements of form: jagged shape, metallic/cold/slick texture, stacatto rhythm, light and darkness
• Garden Piers: meaning through numbers and symbolism through natural soil
• Form depicts Jewish experience

21st Century Concerns with

Site Planning

• Energy Consumption
• Resource Consumption
• Land Consumption
• Waste Disposal
• Toxicity

Monte Alban

Mexico

• Site is about flatness in the midst of mountains
• Connection to the sky and nature (gods)
• Replication of mountains surrounding a valley
• A buildingcan become a part of nature

Acoma

New Mexico

• Flat desert landscape with riased cliffs
• Protection against enemies
• Emulates qualities/character of the landscape
• Use the same soil/process to create its structures
• Replicates caves for coolness
• Looed at nature in a technological way

Mont St. Michel

France

• Flat coastal plains
• Rock said to be sacred
• Vertical construction
• feel like you're constantly in the landscape
• Drawn on the characteristics of the landscape

Falling Water

Pennsylvania

Frank Lloyd Wright

• Building "disappears"
• Sedimentary landscape
• Tiers of rock/terraces
• Shaped with tiers of stone and vertical beams
• Materials, color, and shape mimic nature
• Never going outside or inside
• Chameleon quality
• Said to be the most famous and important piece of U.S. architecture

Condominiums at Sea Ranch

California

Moore/Lyndon/Turnbull/Whitaker

• Vacation homes
• Physical considerations
• "big wooden rock"
• Horizon uninterupted
• Courtyard response to wind
• Structural system and materials used from around the environment

Taliesin West

Arizona

Frank Lloyd Wright

• Desert climate
• Flatness, ruggedness, dryness
• Local stones and materials
• Thermal stability through dugouts
• Combined dugouts and tents
• Infinity of flatland/buildings
• Reaction to the landscape

Areas of Planning

• Movement-transportation plan
• Infrastructure-systems below the ground
• Land use-location of functions/districts
• Social services-delivery of social/economic systems
• Environemental-resource planning

Environment**

Experiential

Economy

Sea Ranch

California

Laurence Halprin, planner

•  Forests away from coast
• Minimizes impervious cover
• Windbreaks for pastures and cattle
• Grass holds soil intact
• Shaped planning
• Minimal instrusions to grass
• Houses built against hedges
• Planning control

The Woodlands

Texas

Ian McHarg, planner

• Ecologically correct
• Flat, dense clay, pine trees
• Located higher/lower grounds
• "detention ponds" on lower areas to prevent flooding (public spaces)
• Beautified ponds/drainage
• Minimal pavement/street width
• Decking instead of concrete for hardscape

• Follow ecological principles
• Gopher systems

4 Forces

(breaking of molecular bonds)

• Tension
• Compression
• Bending
• Sheer

• Bearing
• Bending

Common Building Materials

• Wood (tension and bending)
• Steel (tension, compression, bending)
• Brick (compression, bad in tension/bending)
• Stone/Concrete (similar to brick)
• Reinforced Steel Concrete (bending)

The Pantheon

Rome

• Dome relieves compressive loads
• Stone walls
• Transfers loads throughout structure
• Brick, stone, rubble, concrete

Hagia Sophia

Constantinople

• Domes more complex
• Semi-domes, vaults, squinches
• Masonry
• Transfer of loads through compression in piers
• Engineering marvel

Maisons Jaoul

France

Le Corbusier

• Utility of compressive structure
• Brick, vaults
• Lateral thrust reinforced by steel

Colosseum

Rome

• Compressive structure
• Thickens as the structure moves down
• Shows how concrete fails/succeeds

Point du Gard

France

• Aqueduct
• Water forces
• Infrastructure
• Understanding compressive loads
• Delicate at top

Ames Gate Lodge

Massachusetts

H.H. Richardson

• Local stone gathered
• Keeps physical character
• Sense of strength
• Skinny opennings that are tall
• Wood at top carries roof
• Arches are necessary for structure

Town Hall

Massachusetts

H.H. Richardson

• Explanation of different masontry materials
• Rock, stone, brick
• Light at top strategy
• Heavy arches
• Weight transfer
• representation of physical forces of nature

Morse and Stiles Hall

Yale University

Eero Saarinan

• Heavy masontry (concrete) walls
• Used gothic ideas instead of mimicing gothic design
• Concrete Matrix
• Inventive use of structure
• Context, materials structure, expression

Strimling House

Massachusetts

Maurice Smith

• Explicit bending structure
• Frame gives house its character
• Wood framing creates expression

Lake Shore Drive Apartments

Chicago

Mies van der Rohe

• Simple concret grid plan
• Angled strategically to optimize views
• Structural shape to resist forces
• I beams
• Reinforced joints
• Performance and expression steel

Deereand Co. Headquarters

Illinois

Eero Saarinan

• Steel
• Expresses nature of steel and tractors
• New steel and tractors
• New steel technology
• Strategic building

1. Site work (preparing the ground to receive work)
2. Foundation (reinforced concrete)
3. Create structural system (beam, columns, walls, etc.)
4. Create thermal and moisture barriers (insulation, caulk, etc.)
5. Partitions (shaping spaces)
6. Systems (electricity plumbing, HVAC, etc.)
7. Finishes (paint, marble, carpet, etc.)

• Pre fabricated roofs
• Streamline
• Hilton Hotel in SA
• Saves time and money
• CAD generated by designer

Cathedral

France

• Efficient
• Compressive materials (stone)
• Flying buttress
• Tall spaces (vaults and arches)
• Self scaffolding walls
• Trusses out of wood pegs and hoists
• "divide and conquor"

S. Maria della Flore

Italy

Arnolfo di Cambio and Flippo Brunelleschi

• 166 years to build
• Pantheond dome was 'lost art'
• Dome was a ribbed drum with 2 layers and chains

Sydney Opera House

Australia

Jorn Utzon

• 14 years to build
• Steel, concrete, etc. hard to work with
• First building ever modeled on the computer
• Sections of same sphere
• Structural glass library

• Sun
• Thermal Issues
• Heat zones
• Heat gain
• Ventilation

• Altitude (angle to horizon)
• Azimuth (cardinal points)

Issues in Response to

the Sun

• Massing
• Fenestration
• Solar Shading

shape, length, width, height

• Long North and South walls
• Short East and West walls

doors, windows, holes, etc.

• Glass on South facade
• North is 2nd best for windows
• East is 3rd best

catches heat before it reaches the building

• Horizontal facing South side (high sun)
• Vertical fins on East and West sides (low sun)
• None on North side

Cameron Offices

Australia

John Andrews

• Strictly follows 3 responses to sun/heat
• Veranda creates circulation
• Courtyard creates a microclimate
• Old technology solves 'new' problems

Tenneco Building

Houston, TX

S.O.M.

• Solar shading-setting glass back from steel shading on all sides
• Microclimate helps AC costs
• Practical solutions

Secretariat Building

India

Le Corbusier

• SW worst place-little Surface area, no windows
• Fenestration on SE side
• Solid short ends; solar shaded long ends
• Public spaces are open and ventilated

Palace of Justice

India

Le Corbusier

• Short SW wall
• Shading Umbrella
• Terrace on top (usable outdoor space)
• Solar shading takes over when parasol system doesn't work
• Waterway cools breezes
• Intense climate response

Assembly Building

India

Le Corbusier

• SE side has deep porch
• Horizontal and vertical shading
• Assembly spaces track sun
• Calculated interaction between building and sun

Buildings Responding to the

1970's Energy Crisis

• Southern Orientation
• Solar Shading
• Thermal Mass (tubes of water)
• Insulation
• Ventilation/Circulation

Dominus Winery

California

Herzog and de Mueron

• Design is a result of understanding building response, climate, and physical considerations
• Precise angles to the sun and strategic building/vine placement
• Almost perfect massing
• Little obstruction to natural drainage
• Clever water distribution
• Massive bearing walls made out of concrete
• Gabions cretae breezes/ventilation
• Connection to natural forces

Simpson-Lee House

Australia

Glenn Murcutt

• Home for economist couple
• Sensible and sensitive to nature
• Relating to the land through hill curve
• No AC, efficient fireplace and ventilation
• Untouched water run-off
• Pumping system prevents fires
• Pre fabricated steel
• Exposed construction process
• Fenestration hangs over South side
• Big open doors catch breezes

• Economy
• Complexity
• Potency

Ernstings Warehouse

Germany

Santiago Caletrava

• Walls made for economical/structural needs
• Doors hinged at curves create beauty
• Takes necessity and economy to a new level of beauty

Volantin Bridge

Spain

Santiago Caletrava

• Lyrical and strong
• Cables carry loads throughout
• Fuid motion
• Suspension element
• Reflection
• Fish-like

Lyon Airport Station

France

Santiago Caletrava

• Structural forces (trains)
• Glass used for orientation
• Sunshade systems
• Physical forces create the natural form

City of Arts and Sciences

Spain

Santiago Caletrava

• Fidelity to physical considerations
• Ribbing, rhythm, structure
• Planetarium (climate control and ventiation)

Milwaukee Art Museum

Santiago Caletrava

• 21st century emblem
• 2 parts (concrete-solidity, steel-light)
• Fluidity of concrete
• Diffused vs. direct light
• "wings"

Athens Olympic Sports Complex

Greece

Santiago Caletrava

• Bridge like arched elements
• New roof in response to needs and physical constraints
• Waved facade
• Water and shade used for climate control

• Practicality
• "injecting" cultural values/taboos
• Sense of claim and possession

Modern Society

• Efficiency and convenience
• Incorporation of permanent achines/appliances

• Practicality: zoning laws and land-use planning
• Cultural Vales: zoning laws and aldn-use planning
• Claiming: departments in specific
• Efficiency: public transportation
• Machines: acoustics

Stoughton House

Massachusetts

H.H. Richardson

• Designed around designation
• Front hall very important
• Study, living room, dining room
• Functional

Glessner House

Illinois

H.H. Richardson

• business vs. casual spaces
• butler/servant bypasses
• Circular dining room for social dinners
• Evening entertainment sequence

History Faculty

England

James Stirling

• Perfect diagram of its function
• Main desk is immediately visible and accessible
• Expression from function
• Immediate directions upon entrance

Exeter Library

New Hampshire

Louis Kahn

• Heart of the campus
• Taller than other buildings
• Most public spaces closer to campus
• Ceremonial activities in central locations

Indian Institute of Management

India

Louis Kahn

• Very large scale
• Architectural character revolves around function
• Designated areas for members of the school

Books Studying

Human Behavior

(Apes)

• The Naked Ape-Destiny Morris
• Territorial Imperaative
• Aggression

3 Relationships Between

Behavior and Environment

• Conforming Uses
• Implied Uses
• Accommodating Uses

Baker House Dormitory

Massachusetts

Alvar Alto

• Always thinking about the amenitites for students
• Curves walls created more space for more rooms
• Sensitive to people's situations
• Changes Lives

• Literal Direct (immediat)
• Literal-Indirect (association-most common)
• Abstract (psychological state)

• Asserting the dignity of worth of humans
• Promoting the act of self realization
• Reason and logic

6 Factors in Humanistic Design

(Architecture)

• Use of plain materials (wood, iron, etc.)
• Sensible construction (reason)
• Comfort; Understanding how the body works
• Practicality and efficiency
• Cleanliness
• Absence of ornament

Paimio Sanatorium

Finland

Alvar Aalto

• TB Patients
• Better life for patients

Library

Viipuri, Finland

Alvar Aalto

• different character for different functions
• Even, diffused light throughout
• Librarian surveillance
• Lecture hall with good acoustics

Resurrection Chapel

Finland

Erik Bryggman

• Soothing funeral chapel
• Soft lines and colors
• Tranquil forrested area
• Sensitivity to grief

8 Ways to Build A

Humane Environment

1. Convenience
2. Accommodation of a wide range of activities
3. Wide range of people-accommodation
4. Signs of human presence
5. Personal or human scale
6. Variety of visual experience concurrent with harmony and continuity
7. Freedom from intrustion or dstraction
8. Periodic natural relief

Kresge College

California

Charles Moore

• Students had say in dorm design
• Convenient layout
• Intimate scale
• Interlocking with the forests

Byker

England

Ralph Erskine

• Humane living environments
• Creative rennovation
• Mixed apartment sizes

Tapiola New Town

Finland

• Self-contained city
• 5 different architects
• Intricate scale
• Multiple public areas

San Antonio Riverwalk

Texas

• Fix for flooding
• Biggest tourist attraction

Millenium Park-Crown Fountain

Chicago

• Faces of Chicago
• Water relief
• Refreshing water plaza

Hindu Temples

India

• Religious Center
• Sense of sexuality without taking away from Hindu teachings/beliefs
• Litral-direct communication

University of Virginia

Charlottesville

(vs. Pantheon, Rome)

Thomas Jefferson

• Center for diverse students
• Pretige and power
• Unification of student body
• Connection with power
• Order, Character, Dignity

5 Elements of Prestige

• Tower
• Focal Balcony
• Arcade
• Courtyard
• Stairs

Doge's Palace

Italy

• Center of Venice
• Sense of Importance and authority
• Public/Private feeling

Campidoglio

Rome

Michelangelo

• Ensemble with new and existing buildings
• 5 Elements

Town Hall

Stockholm

Ragnar Otsber

• Promminent Location
• 5 Elements
• Civic Quality
• Indoor courtyard for climate

City Hall

Boston

Kallman, McKinne4ll and Knowles

• 5 Elements
• Iconography

St. Mary's Church

San Francisco

Pier Luigi Nervi and Pietro Belluschi

• Away from traditional church
• Focus shifted from priest to God
• Ascends to heavens
• Hyperbolic parabaloid reinforced with trusses
• Vertical Focus
• Abstract Communication

LBJ Library

Austin, TX

S.O.M.

• Landmark
• Physical manifestation of LBJ
• Acoustics, elements of form, etc.
• Bigger than life; great power

Austin Bergstom International Airport

Austin, TX

• Massing and shaping comes from designation of use
• Intuitive directions
• Art creates humanistic qualities
• Friendly, soft features
• Representative of Austin
• Indoors feel like outdoors

Idea Store

London

David Adjae

• Disguised Library
• Heavily commuted
• Jumps

Stata Center @ MIT

Massachussetts

Frank Gehry

• Aggressive form
• Heighten social status of Computer Science students
• Functional
• Informal Workspace

John Hancock Building

Boston, MA

I.M. Pei

• Insurance Company
• Beautiful sculpture reflective of nature
• Strong in terms of form
• Terrible in humanism, climate response, and structure

Ayub Hospital

Bangladesh

Louis Kahn

• Pure geometry
• Strong in terms of form
• Inhumane and insensitive

Housing at La Defense

France

Emile Aillaird

• Amoeba-shaped
• Small apartments
• Bad ventilation
• No room for furniture
• Irregular shape

History Faculty

Cambridge

James Stirling

• Good for function
• Bad reponse to climate (leaky glass)
• UV sunlight
• Bad in physical considerations

Medical Faculty

Brussels

Lucien Kroll

• Humanistic-listened to clients
• Mismatched designs
• Nightmare in physical considerations

Kresge Auditorium

Massachusetts

Eeron Saarinen

• Experimental performance space
• Perfect example of form through dome
• Doesn't fit within campus
• Disorientation
• Bad acoustics
• Not accessible for performance groups

Centre Pompideau

Paris

Piano and Rogers

• Impressive Physical Considerations
• Not a good shape for auditoriums
• Distracting exterior draws attention from paintings
• Hard to navigate throughout exhibits
• Looks dirty
• Eyesore in a historic district

Austin City Plan

Texas

Edwin Walker

• Capitol placed on hill for importance
• Grid structure
• Basic elements/solutions delivered throught basic underlying structural system
• All problems solved

Savannah City Plan

James Oglethorpe

• Prisoner colony
• Houses oriented towards center of the ward
• Human factors made the prisoners feel like citizens

Central Beheer Offices

Holland

Herman Hertzberg

• Smaller quads create unique grid
• Soving several technical issues
• Flexible privacy

Kimball Art Museum

Fort Worth, TX

Louis Kahn

• Best building in Texas
• Tube of space, grid system, vaults, etc.
• Linear quality of shape

Modern Art Museum

Fort Worth, TX

Tandeo Ando

• Tubes of space with Y frames
• Series of galleries

• De Young Museum
•  Library in Seattle
• Vals