Borromini

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (San Carlino)

little church

begun in 1634

first major independent commission 

very influential on italian baroque architecture

at the height of the catholic reformation

Church dedicated to St. Carlo Borromeo- leading fig in catholic reformation

Francesco added his last name in honor of the saint

Architecture is innovative

Has a main and side facade.

side facade has a tower and fountain

sculptural and dynamic with undulating motion

Borromini

serpintine motion

deeply recessed niches

casts shadows

all about drama

central plan structure

greek cross plan as well

very different from the typical central plan

4 arms set at right angles within an undulating oval

The interior has movement as well

pulled together by its absolute symmetry

bold columns that seem to sculptural protrude into the space

complex geometric shapes in the vault

coffered dome in an unclassical baroque way

hexagons octagons etc.

has hidden windows at the base so that the dome seems to float

jacopo Da vignola

Villa Lante

He was also an architecton Peters Basilica

There was an upper parterre that extended down a sloping site

they used thick trees in order to create a Bosco-a dense planting of trees in a shape to design space

He created 'casinos' - little houses, 2 of them to emphasis the garden

has water features at every level

the garden remains a huge feature

had grand stairways

Philibert De L'Orme

Chateau Chenonceaux

Loire Valley, France

French architecture- strong similarities and differences to Italy

French gardens- parterres are divided into symmetrical spaces

they use patterns that were popular in embroidery

parterre de broidery

used color patterns among the flowers

stong axial alignment betweent he garden and the chateaux

non- traditional parterres

They start cutting hedges into shapes

ordere over nature

very elegant and refined

They have an orangerie- orange grove

terracotta pots and gravel between the parterres

Various Architects

Versailles

The king saw the artists previous garden- Vicomte and got the idea to re-do versailles gardens

Begins with King Louis 13th of France. A hunting lodge was built for him near the village of Versailles

Located 12.5 miles outside of paris

The original building was modest

2 story building surrounded by a moat for protection

1631 asked Louis Le Roy to demolisht he Chateau and Build a larger one in its place

built of brick and stone, 2 square blocks around a central courtyard

North and south wings

arcaded portico encloses the courtyard

It is strongly associated with King Louis XIV- reigned for 70 years.

He continued to work on what the previous kings had started

Trying to end Feudalism and organize a central state ruled by one king.

He believed in the divine right of kings- absolute monarch

'Sun King'

wanted a larger more prestigious palace

enlarged Versailles

first visited the palace at 14 years old-10 years later commissioned Louis Le Vau to enlarge it into a baroque palace

Ordered the noble elite to live and work at Versailles

controlled every aspect of life at the palace

largest and most important palace in france 

brought allt he arts under state control

Louis Le Vau

proposed a new and larger plan.original building is called enveloppe and he encloses it within a larger structure

has acoteria

More classical than what is going on in Italy

Still meant to be grand and dramatic and baroque 

Not a lot of movement

rythmically placed sculpture

two wings with 25 bays

North wing for Kind

South wing for Queen, children and kings brother and fam

balistrades, arches

classicising baroque style- takinga step back toward the classical

two facades to versailles one leads to the road and the garden

uses double columns and triple arcade

steep roof and dormer windows

It is much more contained and less flamboyant than italy

Andrea le Notre

designed gardens at Versailles

King purchased the land surrounding the palace and wrote a guidebook for visitors to versailles on the gardens

includes parterres, avenues, sculptures which surround a solar theme for 'Sun King'

Fountains and waterworks

he wanted the gardens to look endless

had a whole team of engineers who diverted water from rivers for the water works

Gradually he paid for it through govt money and then the army also worked on it

drew water from the Seine. Waterwheels were designed to operate the fountains

1670's Court of Honor was built to house ministers and their departments (2 wings)

Jules hardouin Mansart

added the hall of mirrors- Main and Most impressive room

highly imitated

one side there is mirrors and the other are windows to look over the gardens

Glass candleabra chandeliers

Monarch proceeded through this room to mass etc. 17 mirror on one wall arcade

very long

Paintings are by Charles Lebrun

all of them are glorifying the king

added 2 wings

Interior:

Louis Xiv had a silver balistrade made for his bedroom, contained more than a ton of silver and cost 560, 000 Lera.

built in 1682 and seven years later in 1689 he needed money to pay for the war so he ordered all the silver furniture to be melted down. 

Mansart

salon De la guerre and the salon of peace

Mansart

Grand Trianon

1658 Louis XIV purchased the estate next door called, Trianon

also commissioned a structure made of porcelain

it deteriorated very rapidly- 1670-1687 

Trianon de poreclain

Mansart replaces it with a smaller chateau of white stone and pink marble

Double columns open witha colonnade and the other has an arcade

two wings linked by a peristyle

pitched roof with balistrades

Mansard Roof

Slopes on 4 sides often has dormer windows

allowed for an extra room or Garret- a room like an attic

upper slope of the roof is not visible from street level

Lescot created the first mansard roof in 1550. Appears on part of the louvre

Rare until the early 17th century- popularized by Francoise Mansart an early french baroque architect.

Small slope at the top. 

Chateau De Blois has a mansard roof.

1902 french law permitted a fourth story under a mansard roof. There was also a window tax.

Mansard roof was a way of having an extra level without breaking building codes. 

Studied architecture under his great uncle 

added Mansart to his name

He worked at Versailles

Designed majored extensions, hall of mirrors, grand trianon, orangerie, and envelope

He is know for classicising French Baroque architecture

often used the Mansard roof

1700's  Roccoco Style

after louis XIV dies many people moved out of the palace and into 'hotels' in the roccoco style.

Louis XV comes into power and is still controlling

art becomes lighter with pastels and genre scenes are popular. 

Ensemble- everything has to match from architecture to the furniture creates a unified enviroment. 

set for summer and winter

everything is more elegant

emphasis on floral decoration, white with gold trim.

furniture is more comfortable

chinese and english influence

Petit Trianon

designed by architect Gabriel

king commissioned artist to build this pavilion

is three stories

has 5 bays made of white stone

corinthian columns

Opera house was also built in honor of the Dauphine of france's marrriage to Marie Antoinette

Petit Trianon

renovated to look more natural 

creat artificial ruins and other charming areas in the garden

artificial hills, grottos, rivers and lakes were created. 

Pathes were winding

Charming garden buildings

had a theater.  

Temple of Love by Joseph Deschamps and Richard Mique

Pompei and herculeneum had been discovered. 

Mique was her favorite architect

Emphasis on verticality. Transitioning out of the rococo and into neoclassisism

Petit Trianon- Belvedere

building with a view, small

on a man made lake

surrounding view

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Hamlet

groupd of 12 peasant houses designed by Mique

The towns people couldn't understand the concept

due to the fact that Antoinette was over spending

She was trying to create a nice enviroment for her children inspired by rouseau

Built of a thatched roof.

One has a water wheel

one served as a ballroom

A small village for her ladies in waiting

Most famous of the English Baroque architects

1632- 1723

leader of english baroque architecture

grew up during 1st and 2nd english civil wars

studied latin aristotle and mathmatics

at oxford he associated with mathmeticians and natural scientists. 

Very mathmatical and gave lectures on Vetruvius

Formed the Royal Society with his friends

Became increasingly interested in architecture- 'the ultimate demonstration of truth and social order'

Sheldonia Theater

1664

paid for by the local archbishop Sheldon as a gift to the university

purpose is to stage graduations

requirements- to shelter and seat a large audience

create a ceremonial entrance, to be sure everyone could see and hear well

illusionistic ceilings

used truss girders- something used in bridges

tiered seating

influenced by roman ampitheaters

done in a D shape

Exterior- super imposed orders

christopher Wren

1669 appointed surveryor of kings works

in charge of construction of 47 new church buildings and restoring old buildings

only about half of his churched survived

most have been remodeled

Churches are very practical

draws inspiration from his theater

added additional seating and galleries

many are built on old foundations

they had to be fit into the space they had once been.

Some were central plan .

certain degree of simplicity, light airy, good acoustics.

Most are slightly small, parrish churches

St Pauls Cathedral

-By Christopher Wren

It was his masterpiece

King Charles II asked him to restore an old Gothic Church before the great fire occured.

1670 Wren presented his first model and it was rejected- not grand enough

He created the Great model: central plan with a dome

supported on a ring of piers on the drum

Dome dominates the structure

Influenced by Bramanted and Michelangelo

1673 presented the model to the committee

many on the committee said it looked too much like a catholic Church in rome. Told him to simplify

Wren was bummed and modified the model.Became more central plan

took 30 years to build the church

simplified it and lived to see its completion

has an apse and narthex with transept

Basilica style church

Facade: has influence from Palladio

Double columns influenced by Michelangelo

two towers on either side of the temple

lanterns influenced by Borromini

late renassaince and baroque influences

English old back on the baroque, not so over the top

Interior of St. Pauls Cathedral

Very baroque

Wren died at 91 and is buried at the crypt of St Pauls Cathedral which is considered a high honor

Lived from 1682- 1754

born in Scotland son of a merchant

at 18 he traveled Europe and became aware of european architecture

at 21 he enrolled in the pontifical scots college to study for priesthood

left after one year to study architecture

trained under Carlo Maderno (most influential architect in Rome worked on St Peters)

The Earl of Marre commissioned Gibbs to remodel his home

-first architectural job

St. Mary Le Strand

James Gibbs

London, Westminster

Most famous Church

Built while he was working on project- 50 new churches for the city of london

it was the first of the 50 churches to be built

"Queen Anne Churches" 

simple plan- square with a campinille over the west end

Strong italian Baroque influence

front had a 17 foot high sculpture of Queen Anne

much like a triumphal roman column- used to be there

Political unrest after the death of Queen Anne

Many of Gibbs supporters were put in prison or punished. 

Gibbs was able to persuade commission to finish the cathedral but without pay. 

Commission requested a simpler plan without the campinille or columns

He designed a regular plan church with a steeple. In england campinilles are part of the church and not seperate.

steeple- tall structure on top of a church. 

 Steeple are associated with Gibbs

criticised for being too italian. 

superimposed orders- ionic and corinthian

cathedral had acoteira and tympanem and

pediment 

undulating forms

influence of michelangelo and italian baroque

St Martin in the Fields

Original plan was a central plan- rejected

Decided to make it a rectangular plan

regarded as english baroque witha step toward neoclassical

has giant corinthian columns

portico gives a solid entrance and allows protection from the weather.

temple front

pseudo peripheral= columns are free standing in the front but as you go aroudn they are engaged

The steeple is at the west end of the church. Inspired by the towers designed by Wren.

One of the 50 Queen Anne Churches

Located in a fashionable area of london. Many high society weddings took place there

influenced- Inigo jones, palladio, Wren and roman ruins

Gibbs began designing gardens

he was known as the architect that was most in vogue.

in 1800s a sculpture fell off of ST Mary le strand and hit a passerby- caused people to call for a simpler design

Church was widely criticised in its time but it became to be loved by all. Model for anglican churches throughout the world. temple front with large steeple

wrote two books

book of architecture in 1729- 1st british publication devoted to the work of a single architect

was a pattern book. 150 plates including St. Martin

-people could look at the designs and copy them

2nd book: Rules for Drawing

architectural drawings with 64 plates

sold in england and Europe as well as by american booksellers

Thomas jefferson owned these books and was highly influenced by gibbs

Isaac Newton and the transition from baroque to 

neoclassical

17th and 18th century there was an increasing interest in reason and order.

Emphasis on intellect over the emotions

clarity and simplicity of form

look back at architecture of the greek, roman and renassaince

time of scientific and philosophical inquiry.

Newton demonstrated mathmatically that the earth moves with machine like precision. He was also influenced by Christopher Wren's mathmatical ideas.

Middle class starts to become more important.

Very optimistic age , people believed in progress and invention.

Encyclopedia- 1st one edited by Diderot 

encyclopedia movement- knowledge became more widespread . Lead to revolution

voltaire- most influential literary icon wrote Candid. critical of human folly. praises rational restraint.

leads to classicism

Escorial

Juan Bautista de Toleda and Juan de Herrera

The royal seat of San Lorenzo de El Escorial

residence of the King of Spain

located in San Lorenzo de El Escorial

-functions as monastary, royal palace, school and museum

Made up of two buildings: The Monastary and a hunting lodge

It was a place where the church and royalty coexisted

commissioned by King Phillip II of Spain

El Escorial

Juan Bautista de Toledo

-bautista had worked in rome on St. Peters basilica

appointed as royal architect in 1559

Edifice commemorates the victory of the Battle of St. Quentin

Also intended to house the bodies of the royal family after death

Floor plan is rectangular- Grigiron form in honor of St lawrence who was roasted to death on a grill.

HOWEVER- It is most likely based on the floorplan of the Temple of Soloman

Has: porticos which lead to court yards, arcades, and enclosed passageways

At the four corners is a tower with a spire

Belfries and Round dome of Basilica are at center

Facade has pilasters, mansard roof, niches for statues, pediment

It serves as:

 pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception.

Queens House

Inigo Jones

early commission from Anne of Denmark

most important commission after returning from his tour of Roman Architecture in Italy

Located in Greenwich

First conciously classical building constructed in Britain. One of the most important buildings

Jones is credited with the introduction of Palladianism to Britain because of this house

house diverges from Palladios rules a bit

influenced by Villa Medici by Guilano

H shaped layout. has Ionic Columns. Rusticated ground floor. Balistrade on top

Banqueting House 1619

Inigo Jones

English Renaissance

Located in Whitehall, London

First building to be completed in the Neoclassical style

Only surviving component of the palace at whitehall

Influenced by Palladio

Roofline is a balustrade

Two orders of engaged columns, corinthian over ionic above a high rusticated basement

The first floor appear to be a piano noble and is the banquet hall

ground floor is incredibly small with small windows , indicates its importance

seven bays of windows divided by pilasters

alternating triangular and segmental pediments (tympanum, pediment)

secondfloor windows are unadorned casements

Entablature projects to emphasis the bays and underneath are swag reliefs

Above entablature has dentals 

under the swag frieze, festoons and masks suggest revelry

Banqueting House

Inigo Jones

Whitehall London

English Ren

Swag frieze was carved byNicolas Stone, inspired by Michelangelos medici tombs

commissioned by Charles I

Interior:  Double cube room inspired by Palladianism

all proportions are mathematically related

Ionic columns

Ceiling is painted for James the 1st. It was an allegory of his own birth

Chateau De Chambord

By Domenico Da Cortona

French Ren

blends classical and french medieval forms

Building was never completed and commissioned by King Francois I

Largest Chateau in the Loire Valley

Built as a hunting Lodge

28 years to construct and was altered a lot

has gardens and water features

Built like a castle with a moat and a keep

central keep with 4 bastion towers at the corners

over 440 rooms

roof has 11 types of towers and 3 types of chimneys

features- loggia, open windows

double helix staircase- leanardo da vinci

the towers, cupolas, the gables, the lanterns, the chimneys, look more like the spires of a city than the salient points of a single building

800 sculpted columns

wanted it to look like the skyline of Contsantinople

towers are closer in design to minarets

building was possibly influenced by Da Vinci

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Chateau De Blois

comprises several buildings from the 13th to the 16th century around a main courtyard

utilizes Renaissance, classic and gothic styles

Sprial staircase is italian ren

different kings added different wings

Santa Susana

Carlo Maderno

Italian Baroque

Most famouse building of Madernos

He put up the facade

1st baroque facade 1568

Added a portruding central vertical bay

Used voluted scrolls like alberti

classical vocabulary in unclassical ways

no longer emphasises clarity and simplicity instead it is the opposite

Very projecting and sculptural

condensed sense of decoration

playfulness yet symmetrical

influenced by Michealangelo

Dynamic rythm of columns and pilasters=energy

shadow and light make it 3d

lots of sculpture, balustrade on top of pediment

niches for sculptures which enhance sculptural effects

Maderno is appointed by the Pope as head architect (1st) of St. Peters

St. Peters basilica (facade)

Carlo Maderno

Designed Benedictine loggia

designed central plan + facade

Michelangelo did the dome

Maderno was the last architect. 

Most important Ren and Baroque structure

Church was built when Constantine legalized Christianity

built over St. Peters grave

Central plan domed church

Greek cross in a square with corner towers

each arm ended in an apse

walls have pilasters hollowed out for niches

St. Peters was never built as planned

St Peters

Plans

Bramante was first main architect

Michelangelo wanted to stick to the original floor plan 

designed 10 column portico for facade

4 column central pediment projection

corinthian order

designs are sculptural

wasnt able to finish but only the dome was finished

on drum he alternates windows with butressing

adds double columns to mask buttress

Dome not intended to be so steep

supposed to be crowned by lantern. Michelangelo died before completion

dome dominates the cityscape

dome is stilted

jacomo designed small domes

the central plan thought up by Michelangelo gets scraped and they want the church to be a basilica

St Peters Basilica

Carlo Maderno

goal was to carry out michelangelos plans but pope wanted basilica

not typical of a basilica

added vaults to aisles

irregular forms and symmetry

it is very baroque

classical facade and pediment at the center

benedictine loggia - central where the pop blesses

4 columns-tetra style

Tombs of ST. Peter designed by Maderno

Bernini took over when Maderno died

Bernini did sculpting inside ST. peters

designs an oval baroque piazza tuscan order columns and balustrade

pediment caps it and then end creates place of shade and protection from rain

Trapezoid leads to oval area

monumental and majestic

House bernini and michelangelo sculptures

Baldeccino- guilded bronze spiral arms replaces

Santa Maria De La Vittoria ( Cornaro Chapel)

Bernini

baroque

single most important sculptor of the era

major architect of catholic reformation

used hidden light sources to enhance the drama

worked on st peters basilica and piazza- arms of the church

Chapel created as an addition

has tromloleil effects

theatrical

created mini opera boxes

multi media xp

uses marble , stucco, and actual light

hidden windows

in left transept of church - dedicated to st teresa

projects in and out, dynamic

stucco creates clouds

dont know wher wall and ceiling ends

very symmetrical

commissioned by Cornaro Family

has an escuchala- medallion \

used in architecture , coat of arms

St. Andre al Quirinale 17th c

Bernini

Italian Baroque

very small, oval church

retreat for jesuit monks

undulating quality

convex and concave contrasts--dynamic

goal to create emotional xp

large architrave

influenced by Michelangelo - stairs

has symmetry

Interior: multimedia xp

painting, stucco, light creat drama

carves chapels into wall space

similar to cornaro chapel