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| Live in contemporary community, understand how socities use materials |
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- aliens/spacement
- Atlantis, Noah's Ark |
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| - won a battle, gaining him the Rosetta Stone |
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- cheat sheet for when you die
- you will get into the afterlife if your body stays intact
- on the walls of tombs if you were wealthy enough
- 250-300 questions, if not answered correctly you couldn't get in to the afterlife |
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- 3 big ones for the men, 2 smaller ones for the wives
- 4th dynasty
- Khufu |
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- built by Ceophran
- entrance to pyramid complex
- limestone stolen
- Tutmosis fell asleep in it, when he awoke from his drea,, he excvated it and became king |
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- found King Tut in 1922 with Lord Carnarvon
- dug for 5 years, found it under his camp
- "mummies curse"
- wasn't sure there was anything in the tomb |
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| came up with when the world began ---> October 23rd, 4004 BC |
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| saw older ruins below their own cities |
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- last ruler of Neo-Babylonian empire
- scholarly king, contemplated in the desert for 10 years
- interested in ancient history
- collected artifacts ---> first museum |
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| said the Earth was extremely old |
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-father of modern geology
- way erosion happens today is how it's always happened |
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- in charge of the national museum in Coppenhagen
- created the Three Age System |
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| Sent to Iraq by the British museum to excavate and bring stuff back, sent to Ninevah, sent artifacts down on rafts. Some rafts tipped over into the river, so the artifacts are still laying on the bottom of the Nile |
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| Elgin Room at British Museum |
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| brought back many sculptures from the Parthenon |
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- fou d inscriptions left by Darius the great of Persia
- Persian, Babylonian, Median languages
- repelled down a cliff to copy the text
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- "father of archaeology" = most famous
- dug Troy and Mycenae, then left
- found 9 cities, destroyed the palace that he was excavating |
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| Sir William Matthews Flinders Petrie |
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- actual father of archaeology
- starts @ Pyramids, reinvents archaeology
- 1. pottery goes in and out of fashion
2. you can date it if you had a date in the middle
- relative dating
- realized mounds in Palestine were composed of cities one on top of the other |
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- dug in India and Israel
- WHEELER METHOD OF EXCAVATION
- digging 15' by 15' holes, you can see the layers you've dug through
- @ the end of the season, you excavate the bulks |
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- Wheeler's prodigy
- modified---> buckets, you change them everytime the layer changes
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- found footprints in Olduvai Gorge, probably from 3 different people, 3.5 mil years ago
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| father of meritime archaeology |
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| started new archaeology, revoluntionized American arch. |
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-what life was like, using science
- tried to come up with universal laws, didn't really work |
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| Ian Hodder, and Post Processual |
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found Lucy in 1974
(his team member actually found it) |
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| continuous objects over the whole earth's surface |
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| any material remains of human activity |
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| natural/cultural agencies that have transformed the arch. record since a site was abandoned |
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| the physical stuff that surrounds anything you find, every object needs a matrix, to tell you where it came from |
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- plant/animal derived substances
- rarely survive
- mostlikely to survive in dry conditions, waterlogged & wetlands (peat bogs), extremely cold areas, areas w/ little or no oxygen (bottom of the Black Sea) |
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| background research and research design |
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fund raising, research team recruitment, permissions
- private donors, grant applications, NSF, NEH, Nat Geo, internal grant applications
- area and square supervisors, volunteers, specialists |
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| excavation/survey, once you find something you have to sort through it by the different periods |
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process all the goods throughout the year, might have to go back to the country you find the artifcacts in to study them
- hire drafts people to draw the objects
- petrographic analysis- tells you where the clay comes from |
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| final report, takes a lot of time and energy. also lots of money to publish |
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| artifacts you can't remove |
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houses, temples, buildings
- structures frequently leave features behind |
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| 2 objects found together are associated, if they are associated they were used together |
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| lower layers are older than higher levels |
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| how it got there, what was it used for, why was it there |
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| original, undesturbed context |
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| primary context moved; incomplete skeletons, mass burials with lots of bones |
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| establishes chronological relationships between sites and cultures |
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| using tree rings to date something |
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| radiocarbon dating, always a margin of error |
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| when clay reabsorbes water @ a constant rate, you can date it back to when it was fired. Have to be careful, sometimes things have been re-fired |
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