Term
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Definition
| Naming system that combines Genus and Species |
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Term
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Definition
Type of tool technology
Lower Paleolithic (2.5mya-100kya)
Homo deidelbergensis |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with H. habilis and possibly earlier forms
Named after Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Toolkit consists of choppers, hammer stones and sharp flakes
Chipped stone fracture mechanics |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis (1) |
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Definition
Age: 4.2-2.5mya
Small brain: average cranial capacity: 470 cc
Mosaic of ape and humanlike features |
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Term
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Definition
Most famous Australopithecus afarensis
Found in 1974 by Donald Johanson
~3.2mya
Skeleton is 40% complete with evidence for bipedalism |
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Term
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Definition
3.6mya footprints of Australopithecus afarensis
Footprints in volcanic ash: dated by potassium/argon dating |
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Term
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Definition
"Handy Man"
Age: 2.3-1.6mya
Brain: average 612 cc (509-674 cc)
-Stone tool user
-Bipedal
-Foot and hand: climber (sleeping trees) |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
Sahel: region of Chad where the specimen was found
Mosaic of ape and hominin traits
Probably bipedal
6-7mya oldest hominid |
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Term
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Definition
| Gap between canine and incisor |
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Term
| Skeletal Features associated with Bipedality |
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Definition
Position of Foramen Magnum
Hipbones and Femoral Angle |
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Term
| Basic Criteria for Inclusion as Human Ancestors |
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Definition
1.) Habitual Bipedalism
2.) Reduced Canine Size
These characteristics appear at the end of the Miocene (5-24MYA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somalia |
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Term
| Most Hominins evolved 1st in Africa |
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Definition
Exception: Homo floresiensis
Exception: Homo neanderthalensis |
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Term
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Definition
40 KYA- 10 KYA
H. sapiens populate world
Neolithic 10KYA- 5KYA |
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Term
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Definition
250KYA – 40 KYA
Fully modern H. sapiens
Neandertalensis, Mousterian Tech. |
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Term
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Definition
2.5 MYA – 100 KYA
H. heidelbergensis, Levallois Tech.
H. erectus, Acheulean tech.
H. habilis, Oldowon tech |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
“Upright Man”
-1.8MYA-300KYA
-Brain: 962 cc (600-1251cc)
-Modern limb proportions
-Acheulean Technology
-First to leave Africa
-Skull distinct from H. sapiens
Migrate to Africa, Europe and Asia |
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Term
| Zhoukooudian (Beijing, China) |
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Definition
| Important Homo erectus site |
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Term
| Acheulean Hand Axe Production |
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Definition
-Technology associated w/Homo erectus
-Multi-purpose tool
-Greater cutting edge
-Lasted over a million years
-More planned out |
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Term
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Definition
| Delineates where hand axes found and not found |
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Term
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Definition
Meat eater: scavenger, may have also hunted
Controlled fire: probably used and controlled fire |
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Term
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Definition
-850-100 KYA
-Cranial Capacity: 1212cc (1100-1305cc)
-Levallois Technology
-Distribution: Africa and Eurasia
-Ancestor to modern humans and Neanderthals |
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Term
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Definition
-All early humans were once referred to as “archaic” humans (see Feder). Archaic humans are now referred to as Homo heidelbergensis and Homo antecessor
-Tools required more thought, more planning, being creative and inventive |
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Term
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Definition
250-40 KYA
-Fully modern Homo sapiens
-Neandertalensis, Mousterian technology |
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Term
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Definition
| Descend from Homo heidelbergensis and then die out ca. 27 KYA |
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Term
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Definition
-Adapted to living in very cold climates
-Spain, France, Caucasus, western part of the Middle East
-Big game hunters |
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Term
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Definition
-Disk-core technique
-Neanderthal lithic technology
-Takes multiple production steps |
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Term
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Definition
-No bone, antler, horn tools (some exceptions)
-No boon needles – no tailored clothing
-No house structures |
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Term
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Definition
-Little evidence for artistic expression
→ Suggests cognitive differences with Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
-Relied heavily on meat, but did some foraging/food gathering
-Animal remains abundant at sites
-Studies of bone isotopes suggests that they ate more meat than cave bears |
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Term
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Definition
| More than a dozen sites from France to Iraq with burials |
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Term
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Definition
Evidence of care for elderly and disabled
→Shanidar Cave 1: 40 year old male, blind in his left eye, atrophied right arm, had been amputated, suffered from arthritis
-Language Capabilities:
---Surely “spoke”
---Probably not as complex as Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
“Wise man”
200KYA-present
-Cranial Capacity: 1330cc (1000-2000cc)
-Global Distribution
-Evolved from Homo heidelbergensis ca. 200KYA
-Americas 12-20 KYA
-Australia 40 KYA |
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Term
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Definition
(50-10KYA)
-Homo sapiens populate the world
-Mega-fauna in Europe
-Arctic Hare and other small animals
---Evidence of use of traps (nets, etc.) |
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Term
| Technology and Material Culture |
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Definition
1.) Shift from flake to blade tool technology
2.) Greater variety of stone tool technologies
3.) Importance of bone/antler/ivory/shell tools
4.) More imported materials |
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Term
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Definition
-Mass production
-Economic use of Material
-Highly Versatile “Swiss Army Knife”
-Blanks for other tools
--Awls and Burins
---Bone/antler tools
---Scrapers
---Knives
---Drills |
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Term
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Definition
Stone tools used to engrave, carve, excise wood, bone and antler
-used to gouge out long wedges |
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Term
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Definition
| Punch for making holes in hide, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Type of spear thrower
Appears ca. 30kya |
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Term
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Definition
Early spear
Stone, antler, horn, ivory bone |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Point: stone, antler, horn, ivory bone
2.) Hafting element: twine/sinew
3.) Shaft: wood
4.) Atlatl: stone, antler, horn, ivory, bone
This is a composite tool |
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Term
| Upper Paleolithic vs. Middle Paleolithic |
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Definition
-More non-utilitarian items
-“Explosion” in artistic elaboration
-More elaborate ritual life (e.g. burials) |
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Term
| Upper Paleolithic Cave Art or Parietal Art |
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Definition
30-32kya
Lascaux Cave is a good example |
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Term
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Definition
17kya
-600 Paintings, 1500 engravings (cave is over 100 meters long)
-Human-Bison scene at Lascaux
---Man with “bird” head, Atlatl, bison guts, spear
-Most depictions were of animals |
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Term
| Explaining Upper Paleolithic Cave Art |
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Definition
-Art for art’s sake
-Hunting “magic”
-Utilized for social gatherings/ceremony
-Associated with neural mutations that led to the “Modern Mind” |
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Term
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Definition
-Offerings
-Double burials
-Elaborate burials |
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Term
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Definition
-20KYA Mezhirich, Russia
Early Pit houses
Some houses built out of bones
-People live in groups
-More social pressures |
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Term
| Environmental Archaeology |
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Definition
The study of human interaction with the natural environment in the past through archaeology and related disciplines
-Soil scientists, chemists, physicists, geologists, botanists, zoologists, ecologists |
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Term
| New strategies for environmental archaeology |
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Definition
| Raw material sourcing, paleobotany, zooarchaeology, geophysical analysis, geomorphic analysis, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, isotope analysis |
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Term
| Climatic Research in Oceans |
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Definition
-Ocean stratigraphy- planktonic foraminifera
-Tiny one celled marine organisms that live in the surface water masses of oceans and sink to the ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
-Stable isotopes
-Interglacial periods, warm periods, very long periods of heat in which the earth’s surface is liquid or evaporated |
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Term
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Definition
| An anthropological term referencing a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the spiritual world |
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Term
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Definition
An archaeological culture of the Upper Palaeolithic, located in Europe and southwest Asia
-Location of oldest example of figurative art
-Blades and cores
Also seen throughout the upper paleolithic is a greater degree of tool standardisation and the use of bone and antler for tools such as needles and harpoons |
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Term
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Definition
An archaeological site near village Dolní Věstonice in the Czech Republic
-Artifacts found include carved representations of animals, men, women, personal ornaments, enigmatic engravings |
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Term
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Definition
His primary thesis is that modern humans evolved in East Africa some 100,000 years ago and, starting 50,000 years ago, began spreading throughout the non-African world, replacing archaic human populations over time
-Neurological mutation that occurred in the brain that caused art to start being produced |
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Term
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Definition
| She has challenged the theory that cave art was primarily a male practice whose purpose was sympathetic magic to ensure success in big game hunting |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Processual Archaeology Person
-Ethnoarchaeology
Nuniet people |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis (2) |
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Definition
Ape-like traits: Marked prognathism, diastema
Human-like traits: the bones and features of the knees, pelves, tibias, feet, and femus are more human-like than ape-like. Non-opposable halux (big toe) |
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Term
| Criteria needed to confirm that sites are ancient and associated with humans (1) |
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Definition
| Clear presence of humans (human remains, artifacts, features) |
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Term
| Criteria needed to confirm that sites are ancient and associated with humans (2) |
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Definition
| Materials must be in original, undisturbed context |
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Term
| Criteria needed to confirm that sites are ancient and associated with humans (3) |
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Definition
Materials must be dated and dates clearly associated with human remains, artifacts, or features
-Law of association
-Need to have early dates that are not contaminated
-Have to show that dates are directly associated with features and artifacts found at site |
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Term
| Criteria needed to confirm that sites are ancient and associated with humans (4) |
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Definition
Paleoenvironmental data must match estimated early time period
-Need to have an agreement between the early date and the paleoenvironmental dates |
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Term
| Bering Land Bridge/Ice Free Corridor |
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Definition
-Two different hurdles
-Land Bridge open from ca 35 KYA to 11KYA
Ice-free corridor open from 40-20 KYA and after 14 KYA
-Probably very inhospitable
-Very cold |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st people were this culture and came about 13KYA |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st people arrived much earlier, 15-25KYA or even earlier |
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Term
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Definition
-Mobile big game hunters
-Sites date 11,200- 10,500 years ago
-Tools were a technological advance |
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Term
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Definition
12,500 BP (perhaps 14KYA)
(Tom Dillehay)
Peat bog environment: wood, plant, bone, lithics preserved
Found clay
-Animal bones, stone tools, groundstone
-42 species of edible plants, (first wild potato ever found)
-Chunk of mastodon meat (tested by DNA)
-Human coprolites |
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Term
| North Atlantic Crescent Route |
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Definition
-European route to New World?
Proponents: Dennis Standford |
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