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| systematic study of humanity in the past |
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| portion of human history that goes back before written documents |
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| study ancient greece, rome, etc. - use same techniques |
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| historical archaeologists |
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| discover artifacts up until the recent past - ex. colonial america, spanish southwest. Trying to learn the culture and evaluate the exactness of some old documents |
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| Underwater archaeologists |
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| studying ancient shipwrecks, learning about cargo, why they were there, when they were there |
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| pre-historical archaeologists |
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| covering 99% of history - from extremely far back up until 1700s- very complex, vast studies |
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| calculated that Earth was created 4004 BC, making it 6000 yrs old at the time. |
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| Came up with theory of evolution- decided humans probably came about in a different way |
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| classified human societies - 1870s |
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| people living together for a longer period of time- communities |
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| Human pre-history begins... |
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| with the earliest concentration of artifacts and animal bones. |
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| Human pre-history ends... |
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| with the first urban civilizations |
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| traveled around southwest and discovered things about Pueblo Indians. Saw connections of past generations through his studies |
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| Important archaeological principle |
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| move from the known to the unknown |
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| social or cultural anthropologists |
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| studying people/cultures who are still alive |
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| biological anthropologists |
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| studying the biological aspects of humans |
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| studied Zuni Indians, lived with them, immersed himself in the culture |
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| Archeologists want to know... |
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Definition
| about the human condition, about the aspects of past human society. Not objects. |
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Term
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Definition
1. to study culture history
2.reconstruction of ancient lifeways
3. to look at or investigate the ways in which human cultures changed in the past and why
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| Archaeology was a lifeless catalog of artifacts until... |
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Definition
| 1950s when they started looking at cultural context of the environment |
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| started settlement pattern studies. took surveys, arial photos, geographical info in Peru. |
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| came about through GI bill, started using computers, trying to search for explanations for cultural change |
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| Lewis Binford (New Archaeology) |
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Definition
| models and methods to be tested. no longer enough to just discover artifacts, had to know why they are the way they are. |
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| the correct term for the new archaeology |
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Definition
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| Why is human culture unique? |
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| much of its content is translated from generation to generation |
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| Humans are the only animals who... |
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Definition
| use our culture as a primary means of adapting to our environment |
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| is in a constant state of change. |
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| a sequence of events. one discovery of an event to another. |
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| the archaeological record |
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| the archives of human history. all of the facts collected through research and documentation. |
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Definition
| change over time. Humans are convervative in that change comes slowly and gradually. In order for a tool to be used by culture it has to be accepted by it. |
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| the place where traces of ancient human activity are found. |
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| Archaeological sites are classified... |
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| by the activities that took place there |
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| where people slept, ate, cooked,etc. |
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| where animals were slaughtered |
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| place where stones or clays were mined |
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| place where walls or stones were painted on |
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| objects that are found in archaeological sites. either made or modified by human activity. covers every kind of object. |
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| helps to recognize forms/styles that continue through generations |
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| We enter a significant chronological background... |
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| relating items to each other, layering, so we can say where/when approx. items were used. |
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| using pollen to understand a sequence over a long period of time. |
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| tree ring dating (form of absolute dating) |
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| dev. in 1940s, more absolute, can get within a specific time window (ex. 400 +-100yrs) |
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| search for archaeological sites in the landscape through surveys and excavations |
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| GPR (ground penetrating radar) |
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| instrument for remote sensing of buried structures through the use of radar maps of subsoil features |
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| activities of plants and animals that disturb archaeological materials |
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| an object found in its original location |
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| the place of origin for archaeological materials |
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| order of animals that includes monkeys, lemurs, tarsiers, apes, and humans |
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| the taxonomic group that includes the human and ape members of the primates |
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| branch of anthropology that combines archaeology and physical anthropology to study the biological and behavioral remains of the hominins |
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| trace left on a bone by a stone or metal tool used in butchering a carcass |
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| technique for producing stone artifacts by striking or knapping a crystalline stone with a hammer |
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| a type of stone artifact produced by removing a piece from a core of a rock through chipping |
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| stone used to knock flakes from cores |
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| all the pieces of shatter and flakes produced and not used when stone tools are made |
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| a fine-grained, crystalline stone that fractures in a regular pattern, producing sharp edged flakes |
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| the set of artifacts and other remains found at a site or within a level of a site |
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| pertaining to stone or rock |
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| large, teardrop-shaped stone tool bifacially flaked to a point at one end and a broader face at the other |
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| major archaeological culture of the lower Paleolithic, named after the site of St. Acheul in France |
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| term used for assemblages from the lower paleolithic, lacking handaxes and characterized by large flakes with heavy retouching and notches. |
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