Term
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Definition
| the patterning of human interdependence in a sociey |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution of power within a society |
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Term
| Reasons to study sociopolitical organization |
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Definition
| Scale, Social equality, political structure, changes over time, role of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State |
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Term
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Definition
| Each society's development is conditioned by its ecological setting, neighboring societies, and its own traditions |
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Term
| How many people in Bands? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 50-100 people, kinship relations, self-sufficient family units, Egalitarian, Hunting and gathering, highly mobile, impermanent homes |
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Term
| Archaeological Evidence of Bands |
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Definition
| multipurpose tools, simple homes, exotic materials, no written records, no heavy objects, wild food remains |
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Term
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Definition
| San, Mbuti, Shoshone, Inuit, Paleoindians |
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Term
| Number of individuals in Tribes? |
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Definition
| 100's-1000's of individuals |
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Term
| Characteristics of Tribes |
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Definition
| informal leadership, political and religious leaders(achieved status), broader social networks, farming and hunting and gathering, semi-sedentary settlement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Archaeological Evidence of Tribes |
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Definition
| more permanent camps/villages, little status distinctions in burials, limited material culture, agriculture remains |
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Term
| Number of People in Chiefdoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Chiefdoms |
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Definition
| Ranked society, ascribed status, some specialization, redistribution through chief, permanent villages, ritual centers/monuments, elaborate burial facilities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Archaeological Evidence of Chiefdoms |
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Definition
| settlement hierarchy, monumental architecture, burial differences, prestige/display goods, domestication of plants/animals |
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Term
| Number of People in States |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of States |
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Definition
| Stratified society, castes separated by money, authoritative leader, centralized bureaucracy, craft specialization and industry, urban centers, borders, infrastructure, public structures |
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Term
| Archaeological Evidence of States |
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Definition
| Urban centers, monumental architecture, status difference in burial, evidence of exchange, religious structure, roads, evidence of army |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where did complex societies first appear? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sedentary farming allows people more leisure time, time to invent |
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Term
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Definition
| arise in arid regions, need irrigation to feed people, need complex organization to run irrigation system |
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Term
| Population Pressure Theory |
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Definition
| food resources can't keep up with population growth, chaos would ensue without higher organization |
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Term
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Definition
| result of warfare, in areas with little land for agriculture, populations grow and compete |
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Term
| 4 areas of Environmental Reconstruction |
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Definition
| 1. Soils science and geochemistry, Geoarchaeology, Archaeobotony, Zooarchaeology |
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Term
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Definition
| study of processes of earth formation, soil and sediment patterns |
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Term
| Types of Climate Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Dendroclimatology, Ice Cores, Speliotherms, Sea Bed Cores, Diatoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Tree rings (rainfall and temperature patterns) JAMESTOWN |
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Term
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Definition
| global patterns: snowfall, temperature, natural disasters |
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Term
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Definition
| Stalactites and stalagmites, oxygen isotopes, atmospheric conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| sedimentary record, layers/composition, foraminifera |
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Term
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Definition
| marine protozoa, coiling direction can indicate temperatures, oxygen isotopes |
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Term
| Types of Landscape reconstruction |
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Definition
| coastlines, glaciated regions, rivers |
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Term
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Definition
| ground rebounds after glaciers |
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Term
| Ways to reconstruct plant communities |
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Definition
| Palynology, other microbotanicals, macrobotanical remains, wood, animal feces |
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Term
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Definition
| pollen and spores, charcoal |
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Term
| Types of macrobotanical remains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small vertebrates and invertebrates, very sensitive to change |
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Term
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Definition
| bones, teeth, tissue, blood |
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Term
| Types of human impacts on environment |
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Definition
| burning, terracing, irrigation, landscape modification |
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Term
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Definition
| raised fields in lakes/marshes |
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Term
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Definition
| farming in unpredictable environment, stretched resources during time of drought, over-irrigated, salinization of soil |
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Term
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Definition
| deforestation, over hunting and fishing, cannibalism, collapse of society |
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Term
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Definition
| includes anything involved in human survival: food, shelter, fuel, medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| requirements for growth/maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| what resources are available in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| what is consumed from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| culturally distinctive food practices |
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Term
| 4 types of subsistence strategies |
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Definition
| 1. Hunting/gathering 2. Domestication 3. Pastoralism 4. Horticulture/Agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| exploit wild plants/animals that already exist in environment, tends to be bands, sparse record, wild food remains dominate |
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Term
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Definition
| began domesticating around 12,000 BP, dogs first, cultivate/herding first, then domesticate, SLOW |
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Term
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Definition
| seeds get larger, coatings get thinner |
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Term
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Definition
| morphological changes, geographic, population increase, changes in age/sexes in population |
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Term
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Definition
| domesticated animals, animals are socially important, tend to be tribes |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest form of farming, swidden agriculture (burn down trees), use supplemental wild foods, tribes or chiefdoms |
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Term
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Definition
| domesticated plants/animals, high investment, chiefdoms and states, permanent settlements |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant remains, animal remains, residues on tools, human remains |
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Term
| Use of human remains for diet research |
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Definition
| stomach contents(bog bodies, mummies, wet sites), feces, teeth(wear patterns), bone isotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| learning how tools were made/used |
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Term
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Definition
| how tools were made/used by interviewing people |
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Term
| Two classes of raw material |
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Definition
| 1. unaltered 2. synthetic |
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Term
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Definition
| stone, animal products, wood/plant fibers, plant extracts |
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Term
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Definition
| hunk of rock, original piece of stone |
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Term
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Definition
| leftover remains after making tool |
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Term
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Definition
| rock used to knock flakes off to make tool |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Synthetic Materials |
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Definition
| pottery, metal, glass(faience) |
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Term
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Definition
| material added to clay to improve its strength and workability |
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Term
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Definition
| heating the metal makes it more soft, less brittle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how people obtain foodstuffs, materials, and goods to sustain their lives |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| includes the social relationships that come with the goods |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange that takes place within a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the exchange of goods/services between two parties without the use of money |
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Term
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Definition
| giving something without expectation of return (gift) |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of equal-valued goods |
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Term
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Definition
| trying to get the better end of the deal/take advantage (strangers, different social levels) |
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Term
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Definition
| goods (tribute) are sent to an organizing center and then redistributed, chiefdoms |
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Term
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Definition
| goods/services are bought and sold with price negotiation, sometimes involves currency, profit is the goal |
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Term
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Definition
| specific location for the exchange |
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Term
| What the Aztecs used for currency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not for general exchanges, only for elites/special occasions |
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Term
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Definition
| everyday, utilitarian items that may be more freely exchanged |
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Term
| Types of Distribution/exchange |
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Definition
| direct access, reciprocity, down the line trade, central place redistribution, freelance(middleman) trading, emissary trading, colonial enclave, port of trade |
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Term
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Definition
| Hopewell culture, eastern North America, 200 BCE-400 CE |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of past ways of thought from material remains, concerned with ideas, symbols, and ritual life |
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Term
| How can we learn about ideology |
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Definition
| oral/written history, art, statues, monuments, buildings, burials |
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Term
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Definition
| something that represents something else |
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Term
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Definition
| "the ability to symbolize is the single most important hallmark of humanity" |
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Term
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Definition
| organize the world around us, communication, store information over time, express abstract ideas |
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Term
| Steps for recognition of ritual |
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Definition
| 1. Focusing of attention 2. Boundary between this world and the next 3. Presence of the diety 4. Participation and offering |
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Term
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Definition
| 30,000 years old, small, portable, possibly the first porn |
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