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Archaeology of Italy
For Exam 2
139
Archaeology
Not Applicable
09/21/2004

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Term
[image]
Definition
testing
Term
Did the east or west get colonized more quickly?
Definition
west
Term
When was the supposed founding of rome?
Definition
753 BC
Term
When did the foundation of Rome really begin and end?
Definition
began 9th c. BC finished 7th c. BC
Term
Earliest written history when?
Definition
late 3rd c. BC
Term
Rome straddles what major river?
Definition
the Tiber
Term
What are some advantages to the Tiber being in Rome?
Definition
-one of the few points you can cross the river is in rome
-the river is navigable up to Rome
-can control navigation on the coast
Term
What are some challenges in the Tiber river?
Definition
-rain seasons in spring and fall
-river flooded for weeks every year
Term
What is the landscape of Rome like?
Definition
-group of hills (the seven hills of Rome)
-all separated by deep valleys (about 6 m above sea level)
-40 m above sea level
-separate villages on separate hills
-Capitoline and Palatine came together with a square inbetween by end of 7th c. BC
Term
How much dirt, human accumulation under the collesium?
Definition
almost 12 m
Term
[image]
Definition
hills of Rome
Term
[image]
Definition
pozzo burial from the forum necropolis
Term
[image]
Definition
-8th-9th century BC
-hut urn from Palatine
-made of fired clay (terra cotta)
-wide mouth, roof on top
-burner, jars with food, little swords or figurines
Term
where were tombs located?
Definition
Low areas, such as Forum valley between capitoline and Palatine
-places where one could not live
Term
Modern word from Palatine
Definition
Palace
Term
Modern place from Capitoline (hint, washington)
Definition
Capitol Hill
Term
[image]
Definition
Iron Age hut from Palatine (9th-8th c. BC)
-from summit of Palatine
-bedrock with postholes indicates presence of a hut
-reconstruction
Term
[image]
Definition
8th century Palatine wall
-it was said that Romulus made a wall on Palatine
-remains of an 8th, 7th, and 6th century wall.
-the rubble wall is 8th c. BC
Term
[image]
Definition
Regia (plan)
-early 6th century BC
Acquarossa-like
-collonaded courtyard
-ritual space of king
Term
[image]
Definition
Atrium Vestae
-recreation rooms with collonaded courtyards
6 rooms for 6 vestals
Term
[image]
Definition
Temple of Vesta (round temple) with Palatine hill in background.
Term
[image]
Definition
Forum Romanum 4th century BC
Term
How did the Forum Romanum come to be?
Definition
started as a bridge between Capitoline and Palatine and Palatine and Avenine. took 150 yrs to build.
Term
[image]
Definition
Gjerstad's Section of the Forum
stratigraphy beneath the forum
-level 23 is first gravel floor.
-supposed evidence of huts (adobe found) was really soil from the hilltops
Term
[image]
Definition
Plan of Cloaca Maxima (the great drain)
-6th century BC
-bottom is capitoline, top is palatine
-about 10 ft across
Term
what kind of goddess is Vesta?
Definition
Goddess of the hearth
Term
What was the purpose of the 6 Vestals?
Definition
keep the flame from going out, supposed to remain virgins
Term
Where did the king live?
Definition
Regia, which is the earliest form of a palace.
-quarters for the king and his family
Term
Comitium
Definition
where general assembly was held
-marked by a depression in the ground
Term
Curia
[image]
Definition
where the senate would meet
-council of elders
Term
Capitolium
[image]
Definition
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 6th century BC
-deep collonaded front
3 cellae in back
wooden columns.
Term
[image]
Definition
Temple of Jupiter at Capitoline
columns and terra cotta like etruscan temples
3 inner shrines to 3 gods: Jupiter, Hera, Minerva
Term
[image]
Definition
Portonaccio Temple plan
-located in Veii
-Etruscan temple
Term
[image]
Definition
Portonaccio Temple at Veii
Term
What does creating a temple do with religion?
Definition
takes an existing thing and creates a new function. now religion serves as a way to unite people of a community. if you belong to that group of people you worship their god.
Term
What is a triumph?
Definition
religious procession/military parade with a predefined route that ends on Capitoline. offer loot to Jupiter (though often the generals keep a lot for themselves)
Term
[image]
Definition
Section of Sant Omobono Sanctuary
-faces out toward the river
-cult of Fortuna
Term
[image]
Definition
Rome. Plan of the Temple complex at S. Omobono (Forum Boarium)
-Hercules, appeals to traders
nextdoor to temple of hercules
Term
[image]
Definition
Reconstruction Temple of Fortuna
-goddess Fortuna, goddess of Fortune
-worshipped esp by traders
no exclusion of others
-terra cotta with columns in front
Term
what does Euander mean in ancient greek?
Definition
good man
Term
what does Omobono mean in Italian?
Definition
good man
Term
When does territorial conquest begin?
Definition
4th century BC
Term
How long does it take Rome to conquer the Mediterranean?
Definition
about 200 yrs.
Term
What major cities are expanding in parallel with Rome?
Definition
Syracus, Carthage, Sicily, Macedonia
Term
Rome's first conquer in expansion and how they went about it
Definition
Veii. Formed a permanent army, introduce military pay, 10 year siege of city. moved it's citizens into Rome to make Rome bigger. They give the former veii citizens a stake in the roman expansion so they won't try to remake Veii. Veii was desireable b/c of control over the Tiber.
Term
Greek way of conquering another city
Definition
placing a relative as king and try to control politically
Term
What are the last 2 players in the conquering game (end of 3rd c. BC)?
Definition
Carthage and Rome
Term
What happens in the 2nd Punic War?
Definition
Hannibal (Carthagenean king) takes an army across the alps and runs down coast of italy. he beats the romans several times but in the end Rome wins.
Term
Why did Hannibal fail?
Definition
Communities all over Italy were contributing to Roman army and most thought that Rome was the lesser of two evils and believed that Rome would win.
Term
Battle of Scipio: Zama
Definition
the battle Rome wins
Term
characteristics of a Roman colony
Definition
-everyone has full citizenship
-only smaller settlements or key locations
-citizens can vote in Roman elections
-if they come to Rome they are like Romans
Term
characteristics of a Latin Colony
Definition
-magistrates acquire Roman citizenship and their descendants so that over time they become powerful
-can marry someone Roman
-do not have to be Latin or Roman to get Latin citizenship
Term
[image]
Definition
Aerial view of Syracuse. This is a city-state founded by Greeks in Sicily. It started expanding and creating an empire at about the same time as Rome, in the 4th century BC. Eventually it bacame absorbed within the Roman empire.
Term
[image]
Definition
This is an arieal view of the city of Tarquinia. Founded by the Etruscans (see Iron Age Italy), it also started expanding when Rome did. Syracuse, Tarquinia, Massalia (in S France) and, above all, Carthage (in N Africa) were the competitors of Rome in creating a Mediterranean Empire.
Term
[image]
Definition
map with original relief of Rome and its main roads
Term
[image]
Definition
Temple of Potunus in the Forum Boarium
-Portunus is god of the river harbor
Term
What happened to Rome's senate as Rome was founding new colonies?
Definition
Became first national senate
Term
What is Ashlar Masonry?
Definition
blocks with no mortar
Term
[image]
Definition
The walls of Norba (Latin Colony)
-change in building techniques
-polygonal masonry
-4th c BC
Term
[image]
Definition
Plan of Latin colony Alba Fucens, founded 303 BC
Term
What can you say about alba fucens?
Definition
started with at least 3000 colonists to control Samnites
less than 100 miles from rome, latin colony, mountains east of rome, mostly mountain shepards.
-high reliefs, natural defense. 3 peaks over 1000 m above sea level.
-one of the largest centers for wool trade
Term
Samnites
Definition
thorn in Roman's side.
-from 4th c BC Romans send armies there in the mountains but they are hard to control
-3rd c BC Semetic wars had mixed success
-eventually just created alba fucens
Term
how did Romans control the Samnites?
Definition
They gave them a good reason to stop resisting. we see early signs of orthoneal planning here. elongated blocks like Paestum
Term
Basilica
Definition
covered structure, circular marketplace, livestock sold here
Term
Ostia
Definition
Roman maritime colony late 4th c. BC, military outpost of Rome, 2 main roads much like the army camps
Term
Paestum
Definition
Latin Colony, founded 273 BC, previously a Greek city, founded in 6th c BC but taken over by 4th c. BC. The population remains mostly the same,
Term
Cosa
Definition
Founded same time as Paestum, another Latin colony
Term
Parma
[image]
Definition
2nd c. BC, was occupied by Gauls, Po Plain, fertile land. parmesan cheese.
Term
insert picture
Definition
Bononia, modern day Bologna
Term
[image]
Definition
Forum Basilica, Circular market
Term
[image]
Definition
Plan of Ostia, 4th c. BC, dotted line shows outline of castrum
Term
[image]
Definition
Roman concrete facings
Term
[image]
Definition
air view of Paestum, in modern day Naples area
Term
[image]
Definition
Temples at Paestum
Term
[image]
Definition
Map of Cosa
Term
[image]
[image]
Definition
Luni
founded in 181 BC
Roman Colony
orthoneal blocks
-boundary btw N Etruria and the Alps
Term
[image]
Definition
-Cosa
-Gate on northern end, temple on southern end
-forum off to one side
-rectangular towers
Term
[image]
Definition
The Basilica at Cosa
-built 2nd c. BC
-pitched roof to allow sunlight in
Term
[image]
Definition
Cosa, Comitium, and Curia
-comitium (first version datesto 3rd c. BC) was a square of open space with wide round stone steps
-seats about 600
-altar in middle
-vote and couldn't come back in.
Term
[image]
Definition
Forum of Cosa
Term
[image]
Definition
Capitolium of Cosa
-3rd c. BC
-visible from the sea
-mudbrick and wooden columns
Term
Where is Cosa?
Definition
to the North in Etruria, western coast of Italy
Term
How do we know Cosa was not very popular?
Definition
-they had to have a second wave of settlers.
-too obvious, too visible
-not much access to water
Term
Why was the curia roofed over?
Definition
not public, counsel house
Term
How many basilica are in Rome?
-What does basilica mean in Greek?
Definition
2 outside the forum
-areas of the basilica could be roped off for trials, etc
-basilica means royal
-Roman invention
Term
Clarestory windows
Definition
large space roofed over w/central section raised to let light in
Term
What are basilicas today?
Definition
churches
Term
What was the purpose of uniformity in Rome
Definition
creates a system where a citizen is familar with the city even if they've never been there.
-helps with resettlement
Term
Roads had existed before _____
Definition
6th c. BC
Term
How does Rome handle roads around Samnite heartland?
Definition
doesn't build roads through Samnite land b/c they want the land to be safe
Term
What was the first major road and when was it built?
Definition
late 4th c. BC
Term
When was the Via Flamenia built?
Definition
late 3rd c. BC
Term
What are Roman roads like?
Definition
as wide and straight as possible
-paved with Basaltic stone volcanic lava
Term
[image]
Definition
"The Cut Road"
-cut into the rock, only a few hundred meters
-no paving
Term
[image]
Definition
Cover almost entire extent of Italy
-all roads lead to Rome
Term
[image]
Definition
Via Appia
Term
[image]
Definition
Road Building
-slave version of steamroller
-drains on side so it won't flood
Term
[image]
Definition
Bridge building
-concrete pillars
-pump water out of box
-will set even in moist conditions
Term
[image]
Definition
Augustan Bridge
-Via Flamenia
in Po Plain, wide rivers
-Ariminium
Term
[image]
Definition
Arch of Augustus
-commemorative for finishing road
-Flaminia
Term
[image]
Definition
Cut for Roman Road
-very smooth
Term
[image]
Definition
Milestone
-emporer had been rebuilding roads
-roads remind travellers who built or fixed the road
Term
[image]
Definition
Falerii Novi. Cuniculus
-central Italy
-volcanic plateau
-as early as 6th century BC
-vertical shafts help supply water even during a siege
Term
[image]
Definition
aqueducts of Rome
Term
[image]
Definition
How aqueducts are built
Term
[image]
Definition
Cistern at Pompeii
Term
[image]
Definition
Acqueduct Siphon
Term
[image]
Definition
fountains at Pompeii
Term
[image]
Definition
directing water at Pompeii
Term
[image]
Definition
Pont du Gard aqueduct
Term
[image]
Definition
outside of cistern at Pompeii
Term
When were aqueducts used?
Definition
400 BC-100 AD
Term
When is the transition made from small farm to elite residences?
Definition
as early as 500 BC
Term
What is the most respectable activity in Rome?
Definition
agriculture
Term
[image]
[image]
Definition
Auditorium site
-earliest villa
-Pete
-5th c. BC
Term
when did individual farms start popping up around Southern Rome and Etruria?
Definition
end of the 6th century BC
Term
By 2nd c BC what was very popular (to live in)?
Definition
villas
Term
pars rustica
Definition
rustic part of a villa where production happens
Term
pars urbana
Definition
urban/living part of the villa
Term
[image]
Definition
Francolise Villa
Term
[image]
Definition
Boscoreale Villa
-fairly modest, no peristyle or distinction between parts
huge wine storage
-oil press
Term
[image]
Definition
Pompeii Villa of Mysteries
-second home for wealthy people
most of villa is urban part
Term
[image]
Definition
Villa of Mysteries
-next to major road outside of the city
-peak 1st c BC
Term
agricultural production was partly dependent on what "resource"?
Definition
slaves
Term
[image]height=100>
Definition
Metepontum
-similar small farms everywhere
-3rd, 4th c BC
Term
peristyle
Definition
square/rectangular yeard collonaded on all 4 sides
Term
Triclinium
Definition
banquet hall with couches
Term
Tablinium
Definition
head of the house sits in state there
Term
cubiculum
Definition
bedrooms
Term
What is significance of wine
Definition
-social status
-roman's are first to discuss quality of wine
-being able to offer your own wine is important
Term
where did the word economy come from?
Definition
greek for house and manage
Term
What center was Appentine to Roman economics?
Definition
warehouse
Term
What were the 3 big agricultural goods of Rome
Definition
olives, grain, and wine
Term
[image]
Definition
wine press
-note the drain
Term
[image]
Definition
oil press
Term
[image]
Definition
amphora making
Term
[image]
Definition
Roman shipwreck
-dates to about 1st c. BC
Term
When did Romans exploit glass?
Definition
1st c AD
Term
What was had the pop. of Rome reached by 1st c. BC?
Definition
1 million people
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