Term
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Definition
| PLUNDERING THE PAST James Carrey (excavator) preserved artifacts through drawing them (turks blew it upin the 17th century_ Statues removed by Thomas Bruce |
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Term
| Helena (mother of constantine) |
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Definition
PLUNDERING THE PAST
visited the holy land
tried to find the "true cross"
Important figure in the history of below-ground archaeology |
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Definition
PLUNDERING THE PAST
Marble sculpture of a man being strangled by snakes
Attribution of sculpture based off of ancient texts
Thought to be made by Michelangelo (NOT TRUE) |
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Definition
PLUNDERING THE PAST
inspired by the Bible (book of Kings)
2 important sites: Ninevah and Nimrud
Ninevah - found evidence of queneform writing
Amazing at drawing (this is how we use his work today)
used tunneling technique, which destroyed some artifacts to get at the best ones
2 methods of shipping sculptures
1.) expedited - smallest pieces possible
2.) keep pieces in tact - they got wet and limestone dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
PLUNDERING THE PAST
2 sites
Mycenae and Troy
Inspired by the work of Homer
Troy - sought King Pyron's Troy
dug trenches into the ground,
ended up with many layers -- convinced tthat level 2 (1 = top) was the troy he sought
VERY GOOD AT PUBLISHING HIS FINDINGS
Mycanae - his excavations here were focused on Agamemnon
excavated the citadel
found gold burial masks in grave circle A
Said to be agamemnon's but he changed the mustache and the beard
found another grave circle B outside of citadel |
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Term
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Definition
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Ancient and Historical Times:
- English manuscript shows fall of Bablyon
- helped people to figure out when Christ was born
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
Recorded an Mayan alphabet when Catholics were burning Mayan documents
Helped to preserve the Madrid Codex (ritual calendar page) and the Dresden Codex |
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Term
| Vigesimal System of Notation |
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Definition
TIME 1:
based on the number 20. A shell = 0. Dot = 1. Horizontal bar = 5
Additionally, glyphs that represent days and months |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
based on five essential cycles
oldest date is 7th of December 36 BCE
You have wheels that mesh and what you wind up with is the date |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
burial with horses, chariot (decayed impression in earth) and remains of the deceased.
Concepts of keeping track of time were accompanied by specific ideas about value, materials, measurements, and so on.
Known because of bronzes- different than the Middle East because they used a lot of material (not thin) |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
Used in divination
the inscriptions on the bones are linked with scaled sequence of numbered dats |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
decimal system
12 months
kept track by royal astronomers |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
Terracotta soldiers
standardization fo rules and measures- wrote days in inscriptions of mountains
removed traces of earlier dynasties |
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Term
| Egypt and Nile River Valley |
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Definition
Time 1:
Standard system of measurements based on an arm- 28 digits
standards changed over time- standards used for women became used for men and women became longer |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
Think of Egypt in terms of Old, Middle and New Kingdoms
increase our ability to work backwards through times to construct chronologies |
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Term
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Definition
Time 1:
Use pieces of _____ to build at Heliopolis
modified things to secure power and to tell history his way
Outcome of Battle Kadesh- didn't actually win, but showed that he won in Luxor Pylon - placed himself higher up |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
any object made by man |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
Organic remains
can be altered by human activity |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
The area surrounding the found artifact
(usually dirt)
can tell you about how a site decayed
close observation of the matrix can reveal hidden artifacts |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
Mt. Vesuvius erupted (I didn't have date)
The collection and display of antiquities has a long history
In Pompeii many chance finds were found before a systematic excavation was found
Tunnelling was originally used
(In Herculaneum, they used gun podwer blasts) |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
Tutankhamen's tomb from 14th century BCE
His tomb was will preserved
contained objects such as gold and stone,
and is a way of looking into the changing ideas
Dry climate of the preservation of objects that were hidden deliberately
Objects that were put in the tomb specifically (primary discard context)
But there is also secondary context
Close study reveals that objects in the style of his predecessor were also there
scrambled to get objects in the tomb because he wasn't supposed to die |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
There was a great death pit
Started as a disposal ground for things from temples
This is where they found Pu aby
she was buried with lots of people
and artifacts
she was probably a priestess or royalty |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
Robet Asher wrote this article
How can we know what people are like in the past through archeological sites?
Everything is becoming archeological data… some things are falling out of use and being replaced by other things
When replacement ceases, things become archeological data
It is important to think about what happened since it ended up in the ground
based on two basic assumptions:
1) that items found by archaeologists were laid down by last user at the moment the site was abandoned;
2) and that these items mirror the activities that took place in the architectural places they are now found in. |
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Term
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Definition
THE POMPEII PREMISE
Excavator of Pompeii
poured plaster into the holes in the ground
discoverd molds in the shape of people |
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Term
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Definition
EXCAVATION
excavator of UR
not known for tidy excavations
He was the head of the archeological survey in India
These discoveries challenged the concept of the centrality of the biblically known sites |
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Term
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Definition
EXCAVATION
Worked at the "stomping ground of biblical archaeology"
She worked with Wheeler, but he most important site was at Jericho
used radio carbon dating
looked not only at artifacts but also at the Wall of Jericho
At first the walls were thought to be defensive walls, shows that this was built not as a defensive wall, but to prevent flooding (protect from natural rather than human forces)
statrigraphy - recorded vertical as well as horizontal sections |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2-
Even what appear to be absolute are all relative
Carbon 14 dates still have to be placed in sequences |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2-
system of types is seen in a sequence, difference from place to place or time period to time period. |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2
Stone age, Bronze Age and Iron Age
divisions reflect changes in technology and the ways that materials were exploited |
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Definition
Time 2
geologist who was important for pointing out that the formation processes of the earth had to have been much older than was proposed by biblical chronology |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2-
Important for understanding human activity because it infleunces the choices made by people in the past about where to live |
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Term
| Darwin- Origin of Species |
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Definition
Time 2
Ideas of evolution can be applied to the changing shape of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2
Make a series out of artifacts in chronological order and by features. What features you choose can be telling |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2
Excavated at Nagada, near Thebes
bodies were preserved due to the dry climate, every burial was in a separate pit
Noticed an association between the pottery in different burial sites |
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Term
| Times when you can be specific about abolute dates |
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Definition
Time 2:
Sealed deposits
Carbon 14 dating |
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Term
Terminus ante Quem
Terminus post Quem |
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Definition
Time 2
If you know the date of a building and you know that there is something below it, then you know that the object was from before the building. Terminus ante Quem
If you have the date of a coin and it is built into the floor, then you have termius post quem. |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2:
developed carbon 14 dating
All living things absorb carbon, when the living thing dies, it decays and stops bringing in carbon. You can trace the carbon in the sample. |
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Term
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Definition
Time 2-
Counting of tree rings |
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Term
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Definition
Survey 1
it was active at a time when the larger better known settlement, Knossos was active
Thera has come to the fore because people have wondered why the Palace at Knossos, Crete was destroyed and then rebuilt |
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Term
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Definition
Timing 2
reminds you of pompeii
Exciting views into social life and ritual practices |
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Term
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Definition
Survey 1
Ancient writer that wrote about Greece in Antiquity- wrote throughout the reign of Marcus Arelius
talks about Delphi
used his writings as a way to survey the Temple of Apollo and the Agora
does not mention the Stoa of Attalos- because he did not think it was reflective of Hellas because the sponsor of the building came from Turkey |
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Term
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Definition
Survey 1
Name of Lord Bryon on Monument in this place
Byron was inspiried from texts in the bible |
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Term
| Fundamental Arguments that Shape Archaeological Thought (3) |
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Definition
BOOK
Antiquity of Mankind
Jacques Boucher de Perthes publiched evidence in 1841 that there were handaxes ad the bones of extint animals which dated well before the biblical flood.
Evolution
Survival of the fittest, Darwin,
The Three Age System
three ages of stone, brass, and iron → The three age system established the principle that by studying and classifying prehistoric artifacts, one could produce a chronological ordering and say something of the periods in question |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
Excavated in Fox Pitt Rivers-
had high standards for excavations, used military methods, recovered all objects |
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Term
| Calendars and Historical Chronologies |
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Definition
Book
three points
Chronological systems require carfeul reconstructure- king lists need to be complete
the list still has to be linked to the original calendar system
artifacts need to be related to the calendar by who was ruling |
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Term
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Definition
Book
develioed by Willard Libby in 1949
■ limitations - cant contaminate the sample with carbon, otherwise most errors in radio carbon dating arise because the excavator has not fully understtood the formation processes of the context in question |
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Term
Development of Field Techniques -
Dorothy Garrod- |
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Definition
BOOK
first woman professor at Cambridge, found fossil that connected Neanderthal to Homo Spaian |
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Term
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Definition
Book
■ Potassiom -Argon Dating
■ Uranium Series Dating
■ FIssion Track Dating |
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Term
| Development of Field Techniques - Julio Tello- |
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Definition
| America’s first indigenous archaeologyst. awoke the aracheological heritage of Peru |
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Term
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Definition
Book
○ segmentary societies- small, independent sedentary communities without any strongly centralized roganization
○ Ranked societies- the social units are less eglatiarian, displaying differences in personal status and importnace
○ The last two categories are for non-urban societies
○ state soceities- more cealy diffrentiated institutions of government. often had writing systems
○ Eventually had nation states (clasical greece, rome etc) and empires |
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Term
| Development of Field Techniques Alfred Kidder- |
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Definition
BOOK
put the Southwest of the arhcaeological map (US) |
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Term
| Women Pioneers of Archaeology (Name some) |
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Definition
BOOK
Harriet Boyd Hawes- first Minoan town site- lavishly illustrated report, noteworthy for its classification of artifacts according to potential function
Gertrude Caton-Thompson- site at Great Zimbabwe, unearthed datable artifacts from a stratified contexts, site was a major culture of African origin.
Anna O. Shepard- one of the pioneers of petrographic analysis of archaeological pottery
Kathleen Kenyon- adopted the methods of Mortimor Wheeler. excavated at Jerico
Tatiana Proskouriakoff- studied Mayan architecture.
Mary Leaker- worked in Tanzania with husband, unearthed the skull of an adult australopithecine (1.79 million years old) |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
the material surrounding the specific find |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
Horizontal and vertical position of the find |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
occurrence together with other archeological remains |
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Term
| Research design in Archaeology |
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Definition
BOOK
fomulation of a research stategy
collecting and recording evidence
processing and analysis
publication |
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Term
| 2 types of above ground discovery of archaeological sites and artifacts |
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Definition
BOOK
ground reconaissance - sites discovered at ground level
aerial survey- discovery from air or space |
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Term
| ○ Studying the Landscape - Geoarchaeology |
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Definition
BOok
Today it would be unthinkable to study any site without a through investigation of its sediments and the surrounding landscape
■ Glaciated lanscape -
● some of the most dramatic and extensive effects of global climatic change on the lanscape were produced by the formation fo glaciers
■ Other features whcih have an impact on the land scape are varves (A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.), rivers (flowing water impacts the landscape), Cave sites (whch display evidence about human activitis and about the local climate and environment) |
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Term
| ○ Environmental archaeology |
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Definition
Book
views the human animal as part of the natural world, interacting wth other species in the ecological system or ecosystem |
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Term
| ○ Three types of cultural deposits- |
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Definition
Book
■ primary cultural deposits- those that accumulate on the surface from human activity
■ secondary cultural deposits- primary deposits that have undergone midification, either by phsical displacement of because of a cange of use of the activity area
■ Tertiary cultural deposits- are those that have been completely removed form their original context and may have been reused |
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Term
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Definition
Book
■ wind blow sediment - yellowish dust of silt-sized particles blown in by the wind and redeposited on land new deglacied or on sheltered areas
■ Climate indictaor -deposited during cold cry periods |
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Term
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Definition
Book
palynology is the study of pollen grains and was developed by Lennary Von Post at the beginninng of the 20th century. Important to archeaology because it can be applied to a wide range of sites and provides information on the chronology as well as environment |
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Term
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Definition
Book
example of changing coastline |
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Term
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Definition
Book
■ Units of Time
● In order to show that a soceity had a notion of time, you need to show that they had a ntoation system for the sky or evidence of astrological observation
● Mayan Calendar
● Someimes comes from the setup of buildings
■ Units of length
● use “broadbent’s” criteria to analyze this- based on placement and size of buildings
■ Units of Weight
● show through discovery of objects with standard weights |
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Term
| Symbols of Organization and Power |
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Definition
■ Money
● accounting system is an important indicator of a complex social structure
● represents the recognition that we live in a world of commodities, which can be quantified and exchanged
● form of communication only second to writing
■ Symbols of Power in Prehistory
● scales of value without money are harder to show
● gold of varna- gold artifacts were found ina burial
■ Symbols of Power in Hierarchical Societies
● King tut’s tomb.
● among state socities and empires the symbolism of pwoer goes way beyond burials
■ Ex) Maya symbols of power
● gylphs- have rulers of dynasties
● most Maya monuments are now seen to commemorate events in the reigns of rulers who are almost invariably identified by name
● fully text-based archaeology |
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Term
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Definition
● Book
Focusing of attention
● boundery zone between this world and the next
● Presence of the deity
● participation and offering |
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Term
| ○ The Archaeology of death |
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Definition
Book
■ the depsoiton fo objects doesn’t necessary show belief in afterlife
■ often, special artifacts are made to accompany the dead |
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Term
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Definition
| Bothros Pit- Polis- Smith |
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Term
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Definition
| Shang Dynasty- Bronze Pots |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
involved attempting to link biblical sites with archaeologically known ones (this is a type of documentary evidence) |
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Term
| Cultural resource management and applied or compliance archaeology |
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Definition
BOOK
in this work, it is the role of the archaeologist to locate and record sites before they are destroyed by new roads, buildings or dams or by peatcuttinga nd drainage in wetland |
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Term
| The Several Types of Sampling |
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Definition
simple random sample - aresa to be smple sare chosen using a table of random numbers
stratfied random sample - the region or site is divided into its natural zones and then chosen by the same random number procedure
systemaic sampling - sleection of a grid of equally spaced location
stratified unalighned systematic sample - combines the haim elements from all three techniques |
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Term
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Definition
Book
the most traditional technique is that of probing the soil with rods or augers and noting the positions where they strike solids or hollos |
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Term
| shovel test pits )STPS) - |
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Definition
| to gain a preliminary idea of what lies beneath the surface, smal pits may be often dug into the ground at consistent distances from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the analysis in the vertical, time dimension of a series of layers in the horizontal, space dimension. |
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Term
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Definition
developed from General Pit-Rivers, retains intact balks of earth between the squares of the gric so that different layers can be traced and corrlated across the site in vertical profiles
Problems- sometimes the balsk are inthe wrong place or wrongly oriented to illsutrate the relationship required from sections. |
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Term
| Artifact classification (Attributes) |
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Definition
Classification is commonly done on the basis of three kinds of attributes
1) surface attributes (including decoration and color)
2) shape attributes (dimensions as well as shape itself)
3) technological attributes (primiarily raw material) |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
objects used modified, or made by people |
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Term
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Definition
Book
non-artifactual organic or environmental remains |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
the material surrounding it, usually some sort of sediment such as gravel sand or clay |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
horizontal and vertical position within the matrix |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
where the find is in proximity to other finds |
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Term
| Natural formation processes |
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Definition
| how nature affects what survives in the archaeological record |
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Term
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Definition
Survival of organic materials is determined largely by the matrix (the surrounding material) and by climate (local and regional) – with the occasional influence of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, which are often far from disastrous for archaeologists.
ii. The matrix therefore is there or very important, and these vary in their effects on organic material.
1. Usually, acid soils destroy bones and wood within a few years
2. But the immediate matrix may in exceptional circumstances have an additional component such as metal ore, salt, or oil
3. Copper helps preserve organic material |
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Term
| Climate plays an important role in decay as well |
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Definition
BOOK
Tropical climates are the most destructive with their combo of heavy rains, acid soils, warm temps etc.
ii. Temperate climates (Europe and NA) are not beneficial to organic materials
iii. Natural disasters sometimes preserve sites including organic remains for the archeologist (volcano, huge storms) |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
the idea that something is older or younger relative to something else |
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Term
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Definition
BOOK
determinig the exact time in year that an artifact was created/used |
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Term
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Definition
he study of stratification - the laying down or deposting of strata or layers above the other
allows you to often know which artifact or object found was in the ground longer. Create a relative sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| when we say that two objecsts were found in association within the same archaeological deposit, we mean that they became buried at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| “like goes with like” used to created associations amongst finds. This allows assemblages of artifacts to be arranged in a sucession or serial order which is then taken to indicate thier ordering in time or relative chronology |
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Term
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Definition
This sort of chronology (relative dating and gradual change) can also be applied to changes in languages (not only changes in artifacts)
The field of lexicostatistics studies this change in vocabulary over time |
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Term
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Definition
Mayan Calendar- (Madrid Codex) associated with it, not what it actually is
Person: Diego de Landa |
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Term
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Definition
Qin Dynasty- Mount Huang
They attempted to remove all traces of earlier dynasties to establish a base for power. They destroyed earlier historical and philosophical records except for books on farming, medicine, and divination. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Akrotiri was covered, much as was Pompeii, by ash and lava from the eruption. It preserved mudbrick and wooden houses up to two stories in height. Frescoed wall paintings survive on many of the walls of the rooms. No human bodies were found and it seems that the settlement was abandoned at least 30 years before the volcanic eruption.
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Term
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Definition
Akotiri
The reconstruction of these frescoes is one of the archaeological projects
In the wall paintings around this feature, women at various stages of maturity gather saffron from crocuses.
related to ritual on other wall |
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Term
[image]Knossos, Crete, ca. 18th-15th c. BCE
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Definition
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Knossos, Crete, ca. 18th-15th c. BCE
Miniature type wall paintings such as that at the upper were replaced with wall paintings that created a context in which the viewer became part of the setting created by the paintings,
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Term
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Definition
Hephaisteon - Pausanias
we know today that the temple was dedicated instead to Hephaistus, the god of the forge. Around the temple are craft spaces, including those for metallurgy as would be appropriate for a temple dedicated to this Greek god.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the Stoa of Attalos
This was built by King Attalos II. He ruled Pergamon (159-138 BCE). No doubt Pausanias did not think it was reflective of Hellas because the sponsor of the building hailed from and ruled in western Turkey (east Greece
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Term
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Definition
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Shelley was inspired by a statue of Ramses II to write this cautionary tale aimed at rulers of his own day. We do not know precisely which statue of Ramses II was his inspiration.
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Term
| Smith's model of archaeological space |
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Definition
EXCAVATION
. The smallest dots are artifacts/ecofacts, set within deposits/buildings/single spaces, in turn set within sites (intra-site), in turn set within a between-site/culture circle (intersite/intracultural), linked to other cultures (intercultural). |
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Term
| David Clarke's model of archaeological space |
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Definition
EXCAVATION
Notice that he omits the level of the object. His smallest level is the micro-level, within-site system. At the bottom are smaller scales of space and at the top is the between-site system. |
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Term
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Definition
EXCAVATION
Basilica
Porticoed building
temple
sanctuary |
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Term
| WHat does it mean to use the right tool for the job? |
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Definition
EXCAVATION
. Think about the nature of the context being removed and the size of the tool required to remove it effectively and preserve as much information as one can. For topsoil – agricultural soil – pickaxes are very handy. |
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Term
| Using Notebooks for Excavation |
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Definition
EXCAVATION
drawings on left
writing on right
get more and more detailed as you get further in pages/writing
important because this allows you to keep a detailed record of what happened |
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Term
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Definition
EXCAVATION
just occurred
lost over 200 objects
they still have the writings/drawings about them though |
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Term
| Excavation at the Sancturary in Polis |
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
found many figurine statues with hands raised
determined that these were female (white skin)
thought to be figures of aphrodite
lots of cult objects in the sanctuary
alters - other "splendid" objects |
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Term
| Women vs. male sculptures and drawings |
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
women have white skin
men have red |
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Term
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
Turkey
neolithic period
excavated by Mellaart
great preservation for a site in a temperate climate
found goddesslike figureines
Mellart assumed they were cult
we don't really know, but we think now they were non-votive |
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Term
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
It is descriptive and often has implicit, unstated, ideas about interpretation rather than ones that clearly define or are explicit about why ideas are held. I say that this is still used today because we often have ideas that we have not fully thought through |
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Term
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
best known for behavior archaeology
how people and archaeological “behave” – in the case of materials, how do they reach a stable archaeological context |
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Term
| Post-processual archaeology |
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
you have a THESIS drive argument (but you don’t usually begin your project knowing that you have that full thesis developed), and you need to attempt to reach greater degrees of interpretation.
Important people = IAN HODDER |
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Term
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
known for his work in post-processural archaeology
also for hi work in contextual archaeology. How can we understand the past through all forms of context?
Also excavated Catal Huyuk in 1993 |
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Term
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
excavated Catal Huyuk
found goddess like figurines
assumed they were cult, probably was wrong |
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Term
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Definition
Explanation and Interpretation
not used for cult/religion |
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