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Definition
| Study of human biological component of the archaeological record by exploring bone, bone chemistry, DNA preserved in human tissue to learn origin and distribution of disease, and reconstruct human diets and analyze evidence for bio. stress in arch. populations. |
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| Pits in the surface of teeth, when tooth growth stops due to disease/malnutrition. |
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| End of bones that fuse together at the main shaft at various ages, finished at 25. |
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| Form before adulthood where bone growth is temporary slowed down/stopped due to disease/malnutrition, lines on the bone forms. |
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| DNA passed on mothers line, mtDNA |
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| Present at Stillwater Marsh. @ joints, shows due to aging as wear and tear on the joints. |
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| Reconstructs parameters such as life expectancy at birth, age profile of a population, and patterns at ages of death. |
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| study of ancient diseases like at Stillwater Marsh |
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| You are of a higher rank in status because of your achievements, not because of family. |
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| you are of a higher rank in status because of your family/blood line, not because of your achievements. |
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| 3rd gender, men choosing to live as women. was accepted because men could do more in that role than women |
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| social system containing roughly as many valued positions as there are people capable of filling them. Equal access to resources needed to live. |
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| culturally prescribed values assigned to task and status of men and women varying between societies |
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| culturally prescribed behavior associated between men and women. |
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| Hunter/gatherers, known for mortuary beliefs and rituals including charnel houses, burial mounds, at the Ohio river Valley from 200 BC - AD 400 |
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| Socially recognized network of relationships through which individuals are connected by descent or marriage |
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| Matrilineal/Patrilineal descent. |
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Definition
| ancestry traced through mothers line/ ancestry traced through fathers line. |
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| Matrilocal residence/ Patrilocal residence |
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| New married couple lives with brides village of origin/ grooms village of origin. |
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| society's formal/informal institutions that regulate a populations collective acts. |
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| rules/structures that govern relations with groups of interacting people. Divided into social units with recognized social positions, statuses and roles. |
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| Southeastern Ceremonial Complex |
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Definition
| Assortment of ceremonial objects that occur in graves of high-status Mississippian individuals |
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Definition
| Rights, duties, privileges, powers, liabilities, and immunities that accrue to a recognized and named social position. |
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Definition
Study of all aspects of ancient culture that are products of the human mind, conveyed in art.
-Perceptions, descriptions, classifications of the universe
-principles, philosophies, ethics, values by which human societies are governed. |
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| Study of origin, large-scale structure, and future of the universe, understanding how it is developed and what keeps it together. |
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| Art forms/ writing systems that symbolically represent ideas about cosmology/religion. |
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| Succession of discreet behaviors that must be performed in a particular order in a particular circumstance. |
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| One who has power to contact spirit world through possession, trance, or vision. brought on by use of drugs, fasting, sensory deprivation, or dehydration. |
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| Social institution containing sets of beliefs about supernatural being/forces and ones relation to them. |
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| Paradigm holding human culture is the expression of unconscious modes of thought and reason, notably binary opposition. |
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| Natural object, usually animal, which a lineage/clan believe itself to be descended with the lineage clan and have a special relationship. |
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| doing something to an image of the object will do something to the real object. |
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| 40-10,000 BP in Europe, complex of bone, stone, antler wall art, portable art, and decorated tools. Ultimate evidence of animals living in Ice Age Europe |
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| Individual seeks vision through starving, dehydration, exposure to contact the spirit world. |
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| Centralized political system found in complex societies. There is a virtual monopoly on the power to coerce. |
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| The number of people that a unit of land can support under a particular technology. Part of the density equilibrium model. |
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| method of agriculture which used small, rectangle, areas of fertile land the grow crops in shallow lake beds, that keep the crops from freezing at night. |
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| complex urban societies with a high level of cultural achievements in arts/sciences, craft specialization, surplus of food/labor, and hierarchically socially organized. |
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| result of natural selection working both on plants and people that use them. Harvesting can make plants dependent on people. |
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| belief that ones own culture is superior to anothers |
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| agriculture originated in Near East (Iran, Iraq, Jordan) |
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| R Bradwood. Agriculture arose where wild ancestors of wheat/barley grew. Argic. to human efforts to continue were to increase productivity and stability of food base, culture was "ready." |
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| Each culture is the product of a unique sequence of developments in which chance plays a major role in bringing change |
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| Plant cultivation for human use |
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| Low crop rotation, high use of capital, labor, heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers |
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| K. Witfogel - mechanisms of large scale irrigation were responsible for creating the archaic state.There was a need for construction, coordinated labor, lead to increased wealth and military strength, lead to bureaucracy |
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| cultural manifestation in Levant (SW Fertile Crescent) 14500 - 11600 BP, consisted of first appearance of settled villages, trade goods, early cultivation of domesticated wheat but lacked pottery |
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| Some individuals survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of genetic inheritance (Peppered Moth) |
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| People began using ground stone tools, manufacturing ceramics and relying on domesticated plants/animals. |
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| G. Childe - Animal domestication arose as plants, animals, people congregated around water sources. |
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| Foragers select food that maximizes return rate. |
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| Amount of energy acquired by forager pr unit of harvesting/processing time. |
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| conflict between societies and between classes of societies benefits humanity by removing unfit individuals and social forms |
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| Unilineal cultural evolution |
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| Human societies evolved culturally along single trajectory with western civ. as the most advanced. |
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| Warfare and circumscription hypothesis |
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Definition
| R. Carniero. Egalitarian settlements went to a chiefdom which went to a state. but only with coercive force, stipulates that political change of lasting significance arises only from warfare. |
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| Big freeze - cold climate conditions and droughts between 12800 - 11500 BP linked to the adoption of agriculture in Levant. Lowered carrying capacity. |
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| Processes occurring to shape the earth now, have happened in the past. |
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| Idea that strata containing similar fossil assemblages are of similar age. Can use distinct ceramics or stone tools. |
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| Samples from organisms that took in carbon from a source that was depleated of/enriched in C14 relative to the atmosphere may return ages that are considerably younger/older than they are. |
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| Uses unstable C14 dating to date organic objects |
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| time for 1/2 of C14 to decay in an organic sample. 5730 years. |
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| Same number of protons, diff number of neutrons |
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| AMS - Accelerator mass spectrometry dating |
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Definition
| counts proportion of carbon isotopes directly, thereby dramatically reducing quantity of material required. need less of a sample. |
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| Fluctuations in calibration curve due to variations in atmospheres C14 content. Can cause dates to calibrate to more than one calendar age. Pulses in sunspot activity |
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| OSL - Optically stimulated luminescence |
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Definition
| Trapped charge dating to date sediments, time elapsed between last time was exposed to sunlight. |
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| Ceramics and burned stone artifacts for any mineral heated to 500 degrees Celsius |
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| ESP - Electron Spin Resonance |
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Definition
| Trapped charge dating teeth and burned stone tools. |
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| Electrons were stuck in minerals as a function of background radiation. Range is 300,000 years |
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| relative dating method that orders artifacts based on assumption that one culture replaces another. Like light bulbs or cellphones |
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| statistical technique for combining median age of manufacture for temporally significant pottery types to estimate average age |
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| logical statements linking statistical arch. record to past dynamics that produced it. Middle level research |
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| tries to make an analogy more certain by explaining WHY there is a necessary relationship between an objects/features attributes and an inference made from those attributes |
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| Understanding how natural processes can contribute / create change and shift in formation of arch record |
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| controlled experiments to replicate the past and look for links between human behavior and arch. context. |
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| studies living societies to see how behavior is translated into arch. record |
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| similarities in formal attributes of arch and ethnographic objects, similar shapes strengthen argument. A THING. |
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| implied historical relationship, close cultural connection. A CULTURE |
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| thin, sharp, sliver of stone broken off the core during flintknapping process |
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| Piece of stone that is worked. eventually becomes trash |
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| long channel in middle of spear point. Folsom/Clovis indians |
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| removal of flake is improved by heat |
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| microscopic evidence of use damage on surface and working edge of a flake like striations, polish, micro flaking, pitting. |
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| lived in 4 main settlement patterns. Village, Forest Hamlet, Seasonal Hamlet, Foraging camps. Trash was farther away in villages, and closer with foraging camps. |
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| Any assemblage of animal recovered from a single arch. context. |
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| animal remains recovered in arch. site |
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| NISP - number of identified species |
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| actual number of bones per species |
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| MNI - minimum number of individuals |
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| smallest number of individuals necessary to account for all identified bones |
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| bones along central axis of body |
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| arms, legs, feet, pelvis, shoulder |
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| Place where animals were killed in past. May be affected by carnivores, natural processes and or weathering. Domesticated animals were butchered in camp/village |
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| Place used for overnight stay |
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| identify/recover plant remains for an arch site, analyze and interpret plant remains to understand interactions between humans and plants. |
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| study of pollen grain/spores to reconstruct past climates and human behavior |
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| human burials, inside ceramics, weaves of baskets, surfaces of stone tools. |
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| plant remains recovered from arch sites that can be seen with naked eye |
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| phytoliths, need a microsope |
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| tiny silica particles in plants, which can be recovered even if the plant is decayed. |
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| chart showing changing frequencies in different identified pollens through time from samples taken at sites. shows proportional shift in pollen frequencies between stratigraphic levels within a site. |
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| fats, oils, waxes that resist mixing with water,found in plant and animal remains. |
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| rodents taht build nests of organic materials and preserve a record of changing plant species within a local area. |
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| Antiquan who studied objects just for the sake of objects, but made notes and illustrations |
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| European-American digging up Native American remains. Natives were inferior to Europeans, no respect for artifacts. |
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| Explains culture as a system, social, economic and cultural changes as primarily the result of adaptation to material conditions. Environment takes causal priority of ideational factors. |
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| focus on humanistic approach and reject sientific objectivity, interprets past, more than the scientific method. Change comes from motive |
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| learned, shared, symbolic |
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| advanced archaeological technology, first to do interdisciplinary work. Established the importance of site stratigraphy |
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| focus on symbolic, mental templates that drive actions that shape human behavior. |
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| focuses on technology, ecology, demography, and economics as key factors that define human behavior |
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Definition
1. define problem.
2. establish first hypothesis
3. determine empirical implications
4. collect data
5. test hypothesis by data with implications
6. reject, revise, and or retest hypothesis. |
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| observing, interpreting, data collecting, analysis. |
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| seeks to answer the why? inquiry about the human condition |
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| recognition that life is far more ancient than recognized by biblical historians |
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| linguistics, archaeology, bio, cultural |
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| studies rock layers/layering |
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| most important thing about the artifact, essential to recording context, where the artifact lies. |
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| 3.49 - 3.56 MYA shows bipedalism came way before tool use, Mary Leakey |
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| Distribution of archaeological sites across a region |
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| region that contains statistical population and will be sampled, size/shape determined by researcher. |
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| how much of a sample population will be included |
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| electromagnetic energy to detect/measure characteristics. enhances ability to see |
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| found spearhead in between bison, tool making/using, shows that people were around. |
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| End of pleistocene homicide, found tattoos, food in the belly, arrow in shoulder blade, pollen in intestines, copper axe |
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| Makah people housing uncovered WOOD preserved |
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| vertical subdivision of an excavation square, based on natural breaks in the soil strata |
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| man made levels in basic vertical subdivision, artificial only when easily recognizable strata is lacking. |
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| seiving deposit placed on 1/16 screen washed away with hose, essential with too small artifacts |
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| fluid suspension to find tiny plant remains, insect bodies and fish scales |
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| older rock on bottom, younger on top |
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| sediment changed by water |
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| sediment changed by the earth, rock falls and such |
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| 1.8 MYA - 10,000. Ice age. |
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| survey - ways to generate data on a regional scale, strategy for arriving at accurate description of a range of arch material across landscape |
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| an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record |
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| deflation - fine sediment is blown away and larger remains |
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| Grid system, N & E universal transverse Mercator |
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| Zero point, fixed to keep control over locations of artifacts, features on a dig. Controls vertical and horizontal dimensions of provenience. |
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