Term
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Definition
| -tropical and subtropical: 2 seasons-rainy & dry. |
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Term
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Definition
| -intensive agriculture, fertile volcanic soils, use of irrigation & terraces, development of chinampas, dense/nucleated populations |
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Term
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Definition
| -extensive agriculture, poor/organic soils, slash & burn sifting agriculture, use of ridged fields, dispersed populations, tropical rain-forest or jungle region |
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Term
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Definition
5. Spanish Conquest
4. Aztec Empire
3b. Teotihuacan
3a. Classic Maya
2. Olmec
1. Food Collecting-Incipient Agriculture |
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Term
| Sites during Food Collecting-Incipient Agriculture |
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Definition
| -Tamaulipas, Tehuacan, Oaxaca |
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Term
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Definition
| -San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, Monte Alban |
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Term
| Sites during Classic Maya |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Robert Braidwood; environmental & technological preconditions |
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Term
| Population Pressure Theory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Kent Flannery; negative feedback (hunting/gathering) & positive feedback (agriculture) |
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Term
| Consequences of Agriculture |
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Definition
| -increases the carrying capacity of the land, reduces mobility, permits the development & accumulation of abundant surpluses |
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Term
| The Olmec (Tropical Rain Forest) |
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Definition
| -slash & burn agriculture, rise of religious authorities & ceremonialism, beginnings of hieroglyphic writing, long-count calendar, 260 day ceremonial calendars, bar & dot notation, systematic destruction. |
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Term
| Civilization/ State societies |
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Definition
| -state form of government, urbanism of cities, social stratification, full-time specialists |
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Term
| Classic Maya Civilization (Tropical Forest & some in the Highlands) |
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Definition
| -subsistence (shifting agriculture was practiced), hieroglyphic writing, hierarchy of settlements, Maya calendrical system |
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Term
| Hieroglyphic writing (Maya) |
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Definition
| -not an alphabet, instead pictograph representations, bar & dot, and development of the concept and notation for zero. |
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Term
| Hierarchy of settlements (Maya) |
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Definition
| -large, medium, & small size settlements, all connected with each other and indicating different levels of government and political organization (Tikal & Uaxactun) |
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Term
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Definition
| -developed to predict the seasons so important for agricultural production, to integrate populations through religious celebrations |
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Term
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Definition
| -260 day cycle, 20 named days & 13 numbers (20x16=260 days) |
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Term
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Definition
| -365 day year cycle, 18 months, 20 days & 5 unlucky days (18x20=360+5=365), 1/4 day ti complete a true solar year= 365 1/4 days |
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Term
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Definition
| -52 year cycle counted from 3113 B.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| -determine within which 52 year cycle a date falls |
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Term
| Reasons for the Maya Decline |
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Definition
-ecological factor: not enough agricultural production to support the large populations
-Social factor: internal conflicts between elite rulers & peasants |
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Term
| Export Multiplier Effect (Teotihuacan) |
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Definition
| -more exports=more imports;the more obsidian was exported, the more food was imported; as demand for obsidian increased, the more jobs were created |
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Term
| The Import Replacement Effect (Teotihuacan) |
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Definition
| -instead of depending on the importation of finished jade masks, the people began to produce their own jade masks; doing this increased more jobs in the city & they no longer had to depend on other areas |
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Term
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Definition
| -competition from other centers in the manufacture of obsidian (obsidian markets declined), decline in labor force & production, deforestation, lower agricultural productivity, forcing people to leave the city |
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Term
| Social Organization (Aztec) |
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Definition
| -absolute ruler/emperor selected from royal lineage, pilli or nobleman, calpuli or clans claiming descent from a common ancestor and held lands, serfs or bondsmen worked on private lands of the high nobility,slaves were prisoners of war or persons sold into bondage to relieve debts, soldiers (honorable profession), pochteca or traveling merchants, artisans and specialists |
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Term
| Economy & Subsistence (Aztec) |
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Definition
| -irrigation agriculture & chinampas were used; empire-wide tribute system; used money in the form of cacao beans, small cotton textiles, & porcupine quills filled with gold dust |
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Term
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Definition
| -the war god of the sun demanded human hearts to maintain the well-being of the empire, human sacrifice was practiced, warfare, 260 day ceremonial calendar & the 365 1/4 day solar calendar, books of deer skin or plant paper with written economic & calendrical information |
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Term
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Definition
-lead by Hernan Cortes
-Spanish first arrived in Mexico in 1518 A.D. |
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Term
| Why Spaniards conquered Aztec Empire |
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Definition
| -Cortes arrived when there was a civil war & discontent among the provinces; Moctezuma II believed Cortes to be the returning god Quetzalcoatl, & welcomed the Spanish who then kidnapped him; Spaniards had horses, gunpowder, muskets, & cannons; lack of immunity against Spanish (smallpox) & African (malaria) diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| -artificial gardens on Lake Texcoco made of lake bottom muck which were extremely fertile & highly productive; provided a great amount of food for the city |
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