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author of the “Biblische Archaologie”
who first put these two terms together |
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| Jahn’s Seven sources for Biblical Archaeology |
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| 1) Scriptures, 2) Ancient Monuments – a piece of rock which has an inscription, (But not how Jahn refers to monuments; he is referring to written sources), 3) Ancient Coins, 4) Philo and Josephus, 5) Greek and Latin Authorities, 6) Mishna – Jewish tradition laws, 7) Ecclesiological writers; All seven nothing to do with excavation |
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| father of Biblical Archaeology...He was a student of Higher Criticism; he started his work to try to disprove the Bible, but upon the findings he was converted |
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| ruins show that city might have been destroyed 150 years before the time of Joshua, however K. Kenyon proved it was destroyed in time of Joshua |
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| British Archaeologist, she introduced a new method (which became the Third Method) of excavation; square/balk excavation |
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| – 1) Ivory plaque from Ahab’s Palace at Samaria: This ivory plaque is from his palace at Samaria, Became the capital of the northern kingdom, Ahab was influenced by the Phoenicians (Jezebel was Phoenician), Typical Phoenician motifs and designs; 2) In Pre-WWI times, it was excavated by American – G.A. Reisner excavated (1908-11); K. Kenyon, British Archaeologist excavated in Samaria (1930-35); she also implemented the new method (which became the Third Method) of excavation; square/balk excavation |
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| a site still being excavated; 1) Gezer Calendar: Gezer, Israel (10th cent BC) Agricultural calendar in early Hebrew; 2) of the three major methods of excavation the first one was used in Gezer which is called ‘Trench Excavation’; In Pre-WWI, Gezer was excavated (1902-09) by British – R.A. Macalister |
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| 1) known as the head of all the northern kingdoms Joshua had to conquer (Jos 11:10), it was the largest of all; 2) Jabin (Ibni) Tablet from Hazor “To Ibni…” Ibni is the same name as Jabin – mentioned in the Deborah story about Hazor – Jabin was the King of Hazor; |
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1) Jeroboam II Seal Impression: 1st king who broke off, Found at Megiddo
This seal comes from Jeroboam II, It belong to a servant (close office to the king), Shema; 2) In Pre-WWI times, Megiddo excavated (1903-05) by German – G. Schumacher; here in Megiddo the Second Method of excavation was used which is “peeling by layers” which go from top down; During EBIII great commercial cities (Before Abraham) Megiddo had a 5-8m city wall thickness (which was knocked down); |
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– 1) Jerusalem Cuneiform Tablet: Dates to the 14th century BC and testifies to the importance of Jerusalem in LB (Late Bronze); 2) Siloam Tunnel Inscription: Tunnel build by king Hezekiah to bring access to the water in secret, 8th century BC, This stone speaks about how the two teams from the opposite sides met; 3) Shebnaiah, royal steward of Hezekiah (Isa 22:15-25), Found in the Silwan villages, Jerusalem; 4) Uzziah’s gravestone - This limestone plaque, found in Jerusalem, is inscribed in Aramaic (150 BC-50 AD); 5) Taylor Prism of Sennacherib
Taylor Prism found in 1830 at Kuyunjik, British Museum; Records 8 campaigns; During the 3rd campaign, he besieged Jerusalem and imposed tribute on Hezekiah, king of Judah; 6) During Pre-WWI Jerusalem excavations took place by French – P.H. Vincent |
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| Father of pottery chronology. which he determined by the different shapes, designs and colors found in different layers); In Tell el-Hesi it was first systematic archaeological project in an ancient Tell; First attempt in excavating a tell |
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| Was excavated first among many sites; Excavated (1890-94) by William F. Petrie – who is the first one to noticed that ancient river exposed different color material; It was the first systematic archaeological project in an ancient Tell; First attempt in excavating an tell |
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| right hand of Albright. He did not excavate but spent all his time on surveys in the lands of Moab; His conclusion in regard to Transjordan were misleading and not valid any longer: This was the guy saying Moses and the Israelite came out of Egypt on 1200 BC; Never putting things in the Middle Bronze Age; He kept insisting on the Iron Age I; |
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| Third Method of excavation; square/balk excavation |
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| This method enables archaeologists to observe earth layers closely; square – six meters by six meters wide. (K. Kenyon ) |
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| (Babylonian) it means “When Above”; an account of creation story (only); no flood story included; 7 clay tablets with 1000 lines were found. 2 heavenly parent gods (Apsu-father (fresh water), Tiamat-mother (salt water)) created weaker gods. |
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| Akkedian creation and flood stories |
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| Eridu is name of a city; Sumerian account – older than Atrahasis Epic) creation and flood stories |
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| Assyrian version of the flood story with many parallels to the Genesis account; archaeological evidence reveals GE was written first before Moses; only flood account no creation story included |
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| ancient Assyrian capitol; 2nd largest city in the Middle East of all times |
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| Nineveth, discovered (668-626 BC); Enuma Elish tablets found here also where Gilgamesh Epic was found; |
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| (see Enuma Elish); wife of god Apsu; battled with Marduk and he defeated her and used her body to create earth |
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| (see Enuma Elish); Babylonian sun god son of Ea and Damkina; defeated Tiamat and killed Kingu |
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| see Enuma Elish); general of Tiamat; when Marduk defeated Tiamat, he made the lower gods slaves including Kingu; Kingu was later killed by Marduk and his blood was used to create humans |
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| (see Gligamesh Epic); troublemaker character in the Gilgamesh Epic flood story; Gilgamesh was seeking Utnapishtim to find eternal life and that’s when Utnapishtim related to him the flood story/epic; |
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| (see Gligamesh Epic); a Noah version of the Gilgamesh Epic; the main character that relates the flood story to Gilgamesh when Gilgamesh was seeking him to find eternal life; |
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| (see Eridu Genesis); in the Sumerian epic, Zuisudra is the boat builder; a Noah version; |
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| (see Atrahasis Epic); related to the Atrahasis Epic (creation and flood stories); king of the humans in the Atrahasis epic who was warmed constantly by water god Enik about the impending destruction with the flood; a Noah version; |
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| mount where the cubical ark in Gilgamesh Epic landed; |
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| Jewish historian; in reference to the date and history of the Patriarchal period within the early historical – critical perspectives, Julius Wellhausen argued that the Patriarchal narratives had no historical knowledge of the patriarchs; similar views with H. Gunkel |
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| H. Gunkel’s claim, Patriarchal stories “saga”; May contain historical data, but we cannot tell what is reliable and what is not |
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| Abraham and MB (Middle Bronze) II customs; Abraham’s home land; J. E. Taylor excavated Tell Muqayyar (“mound of Pitch”) in 1854 |
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| Modern name – Yorghan Tepe; Archives discovered here (4000 tablets); Dated to 15th century BC; Tablets written in cuneiform letters in Akkedian language; Most law tablets; Parallels to patriarchal life (times of Abraham and Jacob); |
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| Middle Bronze II (1950-1550) |
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| Early Bronze IV/ Middle Bronze I,New un-urbanized era begun in EBIV/MBI, time of Abraham, few steelements found but not walled cities |
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| Mari tablets- Excavated by A.Parrot in 1936. 20,000 tablets. Correspondence between king Zimri-lim of Mari and Hammurabi of Babylon. Names similar to patriarchs. |
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Gomorrah, 100 years in usage something happened before it was done:
No one ever occupied the city after God destroyed it |
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| William Shea's connection of Gomorrah and Numeriah |
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Numeirah destroyed twice: so was Gomorrah
20 seasons of occupation, Final destruction by fire, Time of destruction – late spring based on grain crop carbonized |
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| Jabin (Ibni) Tablet from Hazor: “To Ibni…”; is the same name as Jabin, king of Hazor; Jabin is found in the story of Deborah (of the Bible |
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| Common Phoenician god- Storm and fertility god, Ugarit, 15th-13th centuries, |
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Rosetta Egypt- found by Napoleon's troops
3 Languages contained- Egyptian, Hieratic, Greek. Translated by Champollion |
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| powerful king of Babylon; Louvre- laws and regulations for people on how to behave properly. Laws in reference to human relationships |
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| Gezer, Israel (10th cent BC); agricultural calendar in yearly Hebrew |
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| known as the Moabite Stone; Mesha was a king mentioned in the Bible |
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| House of David Inscription, created by Syrian General. Dan, Israel (9th Century BC), about 100 years after David lived. |
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| King Hezekiah’s underground tunnel to allow water flow into the city from a natural spring; |
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| King Hezekiah’s underground tunnel to allow water flow into the city from a natural spring; |
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| according to MT: Exodus date; death of Pharaoh recorded |
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| according to MT: 430 years earlier Jacob came to Egypt (1880 BC); |
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| according to MT: 215 years earlier Abraham was called; born 75 years prior to the call (2170 BC); Early Bronze period |
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| German term; first time the terms Bible and Archaeology are found together; 5 vol set by Johann Jahn |
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| 7.8 grams; 2/3 of a Sheckel Hebrew word used once in 1 Sam 13:21; it was thought to be a word for file (KJV trans: “yet they had a file for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads”), but in an excavation, a small round object was found revealing to be the ‘pym’ the Hebrew text actually describes; it was the necessary amount to pay to get one’s tools sharpened! Thus the RSV version translates correctly “And the charge was a pym for the plowshares and for the mattocks, and a third of a shekel for sharpening the axes and for the setting the goads”; |
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| – A weight commonly used in the Middle East, 11.4 grams; transaction currency in OT times |
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| combined term first used by Johann Jahn. In the later 19th century archaeology included non-written artifacts such as city ruins, pottery, and other aspects of the ancient material culture of the Bible; Early claims – late 19th century early 20th century: To prove or confirm the Bible – only goal for archaeologist then, to prove Biblical account as accurate. Claims such as “archaeology proves the Bible” or “archaeology confirms the Bible” dominated the scene of publications during fifties and sixties (this claim went up to 1970s); C) During seventies scholarship changed: extreme – Not anything to do with the Bible; the term “Biblical Archaeology” was under attack; Is Archaeology of a book really possible? What is the relation between the two? These are not related, they argued, Bible and archaeology are not the same thing; |
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| archaeological surveys – in Pre-WWI |
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| examination of one geographical region; trying to locate sites To find names of the site in ancient times. |
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| (Arab term) it means ruins |
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| early archaeology was not associated with excavations; first excavations where untrained folks who did more damage to the sites |
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| Three methods of excavating |
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| 1) by trenches, 2) peeling by layers and 3) square/balk [this is the one that is most successful until today] |
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| William F. Petrie became father of; determined by the different shapes, images and colors of pottery within the different layers |
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| First Method of early archaeologist excavation; used in Gezer |
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| 1) excavators found hundreds of fragments of a text written on plaster; the text centers on an episode in the life of “Balaam son of Beor” the Balaam of the Bible (Num 22); it describes a divine vision received by Balaam, “Lo, the gods came to him at night and [spoke to] him” |
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| excavating by peeling layers |
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| Second Method; used in Megiddo |
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| MT – Shea; the time frame of the exodus according to the Mesoretic Text |
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| LXX – Horn; the time frame of the exodus according to the Septuagint |
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| Hebrew Mesoretic Text Bible after the 6th cent AD; text where vowels were added to the consonants |
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o MT = Exodus 1450 BC ~ LXX = Exodus 1446 BC
o MT = Jacob in Egypt 1880 ~ LXX = Jacob in Egypt 1661
o MT = Abraham called 2095 ~ LXX = Abraham called 1876
o MT = Abraham born 2170 BC ~ LXX = Abraham born 1951 BC |
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| A published source evaluation (or information evaluation). An information source may be a document, a person, a speech, a fingerprint, a photo, an observation or anything used in order to obtain knowledge. In relation to a given purpose, a given information source may be more or less valid, reliable or relevant. Broadly, "source criticism" is the interdisciplinary study of how information sources are evaluated for given tasks |
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| A method of textual criticism, applied especially to the Bible, for tracing the origin and history of certain passages through systematic study of the writings in terms of conventional literary forms, such as parables, proverbs, and love poems |
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| H. Gunkel’s claim, Patriarchal stories “saga”; May contain historical data, but we cannot tell what is reliable and what is not |
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| Amorite Caused the destruction of EB III civilizations |
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| Kenyon, Albright, Wright, Bright |
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| Egyptians Caused the destruction of EB III civilizations |
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| Kurgans Caused the destruction of EB III civilizations |
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| Internal Causes Caused the destruction of EB III civilizations |
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| 150,000 most populated Canaan in ancient times |
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