Term
| what causes the pink color in the Great Salt Lake of Utah?[image] |
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Definition
| Salt tolerant Archaea and Bacteria prokaryotes (genus halobacterium for the archaea) have red membrane pigments (some of which are used for photosynthesis). |
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Term
| why are prokaryotes the most abundant organims on earth? |
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Definition
| because they can adapt to a broad range of habitats..extreme or average |
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Definition
| cocci (singular coccus) occur singly, in pairs (diplococci), in chains of many cells (streptococci), and in clusters resembling bunches of grapes (staphlyococci) |
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Definition
| bacilli (singular, bacillus) are usually solitary but are sometimes arranged in chains (streptobacilli) |
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Definition
| Spiril bacteria includes spirilla, which range from comma like shapes to loose coils and spirochetes (as in picture) which are corkscrew shaped |
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Definition
| have simpler cell walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan and they stain purple |
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Definition
| less peptidoglycan and are core omplex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (show up pink) |
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Term
| penicillian effectiveness |
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Definition
| comes from their inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking.. resulting cell wall may not be functional particularily in gram positive bacteria... this doesn't affect human cells because ours don't contain bacteria |
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Definition
| prokaryotes stick to their subrate or to one another by means of these hairlike appendages |
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Definition
| longer and less numerous than fimbriae, these appendages pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other |
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Definition
| a direct movement toward or away from a stimulus.. abouth alf of all prokaryotes are capable of this |
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Definition
| cell wall of many prokaryotes are surrounded by this sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein. if it isn't dense or well defined, its called a slime layer. They enable prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other indivuduals in a colony, protect against dehydration, and shield from immune system attacks |
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Term
| flagella in archaea, bacteria, and eukarya are... |
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Definition
| analogous structures because they aren't the exact same strucure but they serve the same purpose |
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Term
| bacteria flagellum parts & origin |
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Definition
| the motor, hook, and filament made up of 42 different kinds of proteins. Proteins in the motor are homologous to proteins in the secretory system. proteins that compromise the rod, hook, and flmaent are all related to each other and aredescended from an ancestral protein that formed a pilus like tube... sugests the flagellum evolved as other proteins were added to an ancestral secretory system |
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Term
| evolutionary origin of bacterial flagella |
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Definition
| exaptation- the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification |
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Definition
| in prokaryotes, much smaller rings of indepedently replicating DNA molecules, most carrying only a few genes |
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Definition
| reigons where single, circular DNA molecule is found |
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Term
| 3 key features of bacterial biology |
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Definition
| they are small, they reporudce by binary fission, and they have short generation times |
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Definition
| some bacteria develop these resistant cells when they lack an essential nutritent.. this occurs when the original cell produces a copy of its chromosome and surrounds it with a tough multilayered structure.. water is removed from the endospore and the metabolism stops, the original cell lyses then releases the endospore. |
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Definition
| remain dormant but viable for centuries, able to rehydrate and resume metabolism with environment improves |
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| source of genetic variation in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| since they don't product sexually, it results from rapid reproduction and mutation |
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Definition
| although rare, can increase diversity quickly in species with short generation times and large populations.. this can lead to rapid evolution |
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Definition
| combining dna from 2 differenct sources. This can come from transformation, transduction, and conjugation.. |
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Definition
| when the individuals are members of a different species, genetic recombination from one organism to another is called this |
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Definition
| genotype and possibly phenotype are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings |
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Definition
| its chromosome containes DNA derived from two different cells |
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Definition
| phages (virus that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. Phage can attach to another prokaryotic cell(recipient) and inject prokaryotic DNA acquired from the first cell (the donor) |
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Definition
| DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporariy joined. In bacteria, its always one way by pilus. |
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Definition
| piece of DNA that allows prokaryote to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation. Can exist as a plasmid or as a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome |
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Definition
| f factor in its plasmid form.. cellscontaining the f plasmids are called F+ cells. |
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Definition
| function as DNA donors during conjugation. The F+ condition is transferable in the sese that an F+ cell converts and F- cell to a F+ if a copy of the entire F plasmid is transferred |
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Term
| F factor in the chromosome |
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Definition
| Hfr cell ( for high frequency of recombination) Acts as a donor during conjugation with an F- cell |
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Term
| hfr cell conjugation with f- cell |
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Definition
| when chromosomal dna from hfr cell eneter a f- cell, homologous regions of their chromosomes align, & segements of DNA is exchanged. Results in recombinant bacterium, not a full fledged f+ cell. |
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Definition
| "resistant genes" carried by plamids that code for enzymes that specifically destroy or hinder effectivenes of certain antibiotics. when using antiobiotics, r plasmids are the ones who survive and reproduce... increasing the resistance of the entire population. |
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