Term
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Definition
The study of human cultural
activities through the analysis of
material remains.
• On the Origin of
Species by Means of
Natural Selection
(1859)
• The Descent of Man
(1871) |
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Term
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Definition
The First
‘Scientific’
Excavation, 1784
Virginia,
Moundbuilders
-Later became the President of USA |
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Term
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Definition
• Principles of Geology (1833)
– “Principle of Uniformitarianism”
• James Hutton 1788
• The Geological Evidence of the
Antiquity of Man (1863) |
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Term
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Definition
• On the Origin of
Species by Means of
Natural Selection
(1859)
• The Descent of Man
(1871) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Bold Question of why things happened or changed in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| an absolute dating method that measures the decay of the radio isotope of carbon in organic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| late 1940's, increasing collaboration with specialist in other disciplines such as animal or plant studies |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that the stratification of rocks is fie to processes still going on in seas rivers and lakes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1808 Colt Hoare
-Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age |
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Term
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Definition
| portable objects used, modified or made by humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle method of data acquisition in archaeology, involing the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and the other material covering them and accompanying them |
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Term
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Definition
the study of stratification.
• the documentation and analysis of the sequence
of strata (deposits) that form an archaeological
site.
Strata: the layers, lenses, features, and interfaces
that comprise an archaeological site.
(singular = ‘stratum’) |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used by antropologist when referring to the non biological characteristics unique to a particular society. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new approach advocated in the 1960's which argued for an explicitlu scientific framework of archaeological method and theory with hypotheses rigorously tested as the proper basis for explanation rather then simply description |
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Term
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Definition
| places where artifacts, ecofacts, and features are found together |
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Term
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Definition
| organic and environmental remains not made by human |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic organization of artifacts into types on the basis of shared attributes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the material surround a find( artifact, ecofact, or feature |
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Term
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Definition
| the exact position of a find within the matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| a find's relationship with other finds |
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Term
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Definition
| an artifact loses much of its archaeological value |
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Term
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Definition
| Those processes affecting the way in which archaeological materials came to be buried and their subsequent history afterward, cultural formation processes include the deliberate or accidental activities of humans natural formation processes refer to natural or environmental evens which govern the burial and survival of the archaeological record. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deliberately buried treasure, usually when in conflict or war, usually metal are primary source of evidence for the European bronze age. |
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Term
| Which tools will survive well in nearly all environments |
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Definition
| stone, fired clay, gold, silver, and lead |
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Term
| Which materials rarely survives in an uncorroded state? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cleaning process, artifacts are placed into chemical solutions and by passing a weal current between them will leave the artifacts clean |
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Term
| What are the main factors which determine survival of organic material? |
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Definition
Matrix-the conditions of the soil that surround material
Climate- local weather conditions
Natural Disasters- like volcanoes, dry and cold extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle method of data acquisition in archaeology involving the systematic uncovering of remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and the other material covering them and accompanying them |
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Term
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Definition
| broad range of techniques involved in the location of archeological sites. |
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Term
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Definition
unsystematic- fieldwalking scanning he ground/
unsystematic ally- dividing area into sectors and scanning by each sector |
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Term
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Definition
– LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)
– Ground penetrating sonar (seismic waves /
echo-location)
– Ground penetrating radar (electromagnetic
energy waves)
– Electrical resistivity (electrical current
passed through the ground)
– Metal detectors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Possible Excavation Objectives |
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Definition
1. Determine the age of a site.
2. Determine the function of a site.
3. Determine the history of occupations of a
site.
4. Simultaneous investigation of many
aspects of the site. |
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Term
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Definition
ordering things into a sequence.
• Stratigraphy
• Typological
Sequences (Seriation)
• Linguistic Dating
• Climatic Sequences
• Geological Events |
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Term
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Definition
determining age in years
• Calendars
• Annual Cycles
(Varves and Tree
Rings)
• Radioactive Clocks |
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Term
| General Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers |
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Definition
(1827-1900)
• Systematic (scientific) survey
and recording methods.
• Collection of all artifacts (not
just beautiful treasures).
• Precise documentation of
excavations.
• Archaeology concerned with
information not objects. |
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Term
| Sir William Flinders Petrie |
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Definition
(1853-1942)
• Meticulous
excavations
• Seriation
– sequence dating
– “relative” dating
method |
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Term
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Definition
(1906-1978)
• Worked with:
– Caton-Thompson
– Wheeler
• Origins of Towns/Cities
– Jericho
– Jerusalem
• Ceramic Analysis |
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Term
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Definition
(1913-1996)
• -Human
– Olduvai Gorge Fossils
– Laetoli footprints
Footprints in volcanic
ash. Found by Mary
Leakey in 1978 |
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Term
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Definition
(1902-
1972).
• Cultural Anthropologist.
• Cultures interact with the
natural environment.
• Ecological explanations of
cultural development.
• “Cultural Core Theory”
(Subsistence and
Settlement Patterns). |
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Term
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Definition
(1892-1957)
• “Material Culture”
• Explanation rather
than description.
• Marxist Theory.
• Revolutions:
Agricultural & Urban.
• Social as well as
technological
evolution. |
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Term
| Cultural Process - Processualism |
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Definition
• A scientific approach (hypothesis testing).
• Concerned with explanation rather than
description; process rather than history.
• Archaeology as the search for “Universal
Laws” of human behaviour.
• “The New Archaeology” (1960’s).
• VIP: Lewis Binford |
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