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| an opening in a wall framed by two columns and an entablature, and usually a pediment placed against a wall, often containing a statue. Can contain a door. |
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| an elaborate canopy erected over an altar |
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| ceiling recesses set in a geometric pattern |
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| Movement initiated by the Catholic Church to contain the Protestant Reformation and if possible, end it. |
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| A dome. Also refers to the lantern on any roof structure amd is generally used to describe the structure over the oculus of a dome. |
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| The aligning of a series of doors through a series of adjacent rooms |
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| A tower with windows rising aboce the roof line of aboce the oculus of a dome |
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| A circular opening at the apex of a dome |
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| a building used to protect ornamental shrubs and trees in cold weather. |
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| An ornamental, geometrical arrangement of flat, planted beds |
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| Italian, an open space surrounded by buildings |
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| Pope from 1585-90. With his architect, Domenico Fontana, he re-planned Rome using a comination of trivium, straight and diagonal streets and a variety of urban makers and monuments. |
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| a central arched opening with lower trabeated openings on each side. Also sometimes called a Palladian or Serlian motif |
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| the art of carving stone in complex 3-d forms |
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| a place where 3 roads converge |
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| "speaking architecture" - refers to buildings that explain their own function or identity. Originally associated with Paris-trained architects of the Revolutionary period, esp Boullée and Ledoux |
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| monument to a person buried elswhere |
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| An Ecole des beaux-Arts term. The charrette was the cart wheeled around to collect student drawings for submission to the Ecole. The terms is still used in No. American architecture schools to mean any short, intensive design project. |
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| 18th century French intellectual climate in which belief in reason as a means to ensure human progress was combined with question of tradition and authority, the systematic collection and categorizing of facts, and the study of nature on a scientific basis. Its architectural manifestations were a reaction to Baroque and Rococo, the adoption of Rationalism and therefore a return to the principles of Classicism. |
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| Decorative pavilion, usually in the form of Classical or medieval ruin, designed to enhance a landscape and inspire poetic nostalgia |
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Noblemen in the 18th century completed education with a period of European travel.
Lasted from few months- 8 years, so only wealth with time and means to travel could participate.
On tour, young men learned about politics, culture and art of neighboring lands.
The primary destination was Italy, with its heritage of ancient Roman monuments. 18th-century taste revered the art and culture of the ancients. The British, in particular, were lured to Italy by their admiration of antiquity and their desire to see firsthand monuments of ancient civilization such as the Colosseum in Rome. |
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| Abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier |
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1711 - 1769 author of ESSAI SUR L'ARCHITECTURE (1752).
advocated return to purified architecture that omitted all ornament. He asserted that only the column, gable roof, and monument were essential, and that perfection in architecture had been achieved by the ancient greeks. |
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| Beginning late 18th century, a revival of formality and purity of Classical architecture after excess of Baroque and Rococo Periods |
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| 18th century revival of Palladian architecture by Burlington and his ircle |
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| the aesthetic doctrine of romanticism was the Picturesque |
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| 5 objects arranged in a square, with one in the center |
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| 18th century scroll ornament based upon water-worn elements such as rocks and seashells |
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| Late 18th and early 19th century artistic movement. One characteristic is the insistence on individual experience, instinct, intuition and emotion. Commonly preceived as a reaction against the rationalism of Enlightenment, Classcism and Neoclassicism. It shared with Classicism a reverence for the ideal, transcending reality - the term Romantic Classicism is applied to works displaying a Romantic response to the Antique. A perfect ancient greek temple in its pristine state would be classical, but a ruined greek temple, though classical in one sense, cannot be classical in another because it is broken, incomplete, partial and in ruins. The run might, however, be precieved as beautiful, and so a classical building constructed as a ruin in an 18th century garden could be desribed as an example of Romantic Classicism. Characteristics were a new tenderness towards the dead. A love of melancholy and the cultivation of feelings |
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1712-1778 Important Enligtenment writer.
Confronted problem in THE SOCIAL CONTRACT: Man is born free but everywhere is in chains.
central concept in his thought is liberty, and most of his works deal with mechanisms through which humans are forced to give up their liberty. At the foundation of his though on government and authority is the idea of the social contract, in which government and authority are a mutual contract between the authorities and the goverened; this congtract implies that the governed agree to be ruled only so that their rights, property and happiness be protected by their rulers. Once rulers cease to protect the ruled, the social contract is broken and the governed are free to choose another set of governors or magistrates. |
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| 18th century aesthetic category associated with ideas of awe, intensity, power, ruggedness, terror, and vastness emphasizing Man's relative insignificance in the face of nature, arousing emotions, and stimulating the imagination. It was therefore distinct from the beautiful and the picturesque, and was of profound importance in relation to an appreciation of the grandeur, power, and violence of natural phenomena. In architecture the Sublime was associated with great size, overwhelming scale, the primitive and stereometrical purity |
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| work established Neo-Palladiansm as the national style, overthrowing Baroque and anointing Inigo JOnes as the British Vitruvius. It's 300 illustrations include facades, ground plans, exterior elevation and perspective views. |
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| Widely influential late 19th century English movement that attempted to re-establish the skills of craftsmanship threatened by mass-production and industrialization. Movement had its origins in ideas of Rousseau who proposed that manual skills should be acquired by everybody, no matter their soial class, but owned its immediate impetus to the polemical publications and widespread influence of Pugin and Ruskin. The most important persn associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement was William Morris, who sought to revive medieval standards and methods of making artifacts while holding truth to materials, constructional methods, and function to be the essence of design |
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1. water-tight chamber in which underwater construction work takes place
2. Device for sinking foundations under water or in water-logged conditions, in the form of an air tight box the size of the pier to be built, which is sunk to bedrock, or other surface on which it is to remain, then filled with concrete. |
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| Horizontal window consisting of a large square fixed central pane with narrow vertical sliding-sashes on either side, as in theCarson, Pirie, Scott Store in Chicago. it is usally the full width of a structural bay. |
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Group of architects working mostly in Chicago in the last quarter of the 19th century.
2. Group of high rise commercial and office buildings erected in Chicago from 1875 - 1910. it was argued that the skyscraper was born in Chicago, exploiting the inventin of the levator and the metal-framed structure. William Le Baron Jenney's poneering use of the steel skeleton led to other developments, notably those of Burnham and Root. One of the most important early buildings of the Chicago Schools was the Marshall Field Wholesale store by Richardson. It was the precedent for a new type of monumental architecture, freed from Classical or Renaissance Historicism. |
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| Nationwide endeavor in the US to dignify city centers with boulevards, squares and monumental Beaux Arts style public buildings. The buildings and layouts of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893, were products of these ideas and became the main source of inspiration for the following two decades. |
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| Design drawing freely on forms, motifs, & details selected from historical styles and periods. |
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Process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.
It began in England in the 18th century.
Technological changes included the use of iron and steel, new energy sources, the invention of new machines that increased production (including the steam engine and the spinning jenny), the development of the factory system, and important developments in transportation and communication (including the railroad and the telegraph). The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830 and then spread to Belgium and France. Other nations lagged behind, but, once Germany, the U.S., and Japan achieved industrial power, they outstripped Britain's initial successes. |
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| English artist, poet, craftsman, medievalist, and printer who had a profound effect on architecture. Influenced by John Ruskin ideas. Regarded as a founding - father of the Arts and Crafts movement |
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| Elaborate architectual decoration using many colors, as in Ancient Greek architecture, and revived by hittorf, bin desboll and others. Structural polychromy is where the color is not applied after construction, but is provided by the brick, stones, or tiles used in the building. It was a feature of the Gothic Revival |
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Influential English academic and critic whose writings reached a wide audience. Argued that architecture should be true, with no hidden structure, no veneers or finishes, and no carvings made by machines, and that beauty in architecture was only possible if it is inspired by nature.
As exemplars worthy of imitation he selected Romanesque, early Gothic of Western Italy, Venetian Gothic, and early English Gothic. Found styles such as Baroque unacceptable because they exploited illusions and were therefore, not “truthful.” This use of moral disapproval to justify an aesthetic stance has been a powerful weapon in the hands of International Modernists. Walter Gropius, for example, claimed to have been influenced by Ruskin’s writings. |
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| a bridge having a deck suspended from cables raised on towers and securely anghored to abutments at the ends |
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| a three hinged frame structure having an arched form. The three-hinged frame is least affected by support settlements and thermal stresses. |
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Group of architects and artists of weceded from the conservative academy in Vienna and established the wiener Sezession in 1897.
painter, KLIMT and architects HOFFMANN , OLBRICH |
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