bipedal

-large brain ancestors of humanity

-didn't use tools

newst hominid skeleton

-4 feet tall, 120 pounds, small brain

-tree climber

-bipedal

-short legs, long arms

abstract thinking, concepts, ideas free from specific examples

-planning, steps to achieve a goal

-innovation, symbolic behavior

-expressiveness, rituals, story-telling

-name for arch tradition in Europe (40-10 kbp)

-art:  mural/ portable, new materials and transport of raw materials

explosions of symbolic and narrative expressions

-Lascux, Trais Freres (Europe)

-arbitrary, iconic symbols

-shows performance, art and literature

symbols and rules

-combine to express ideas and stories

-displacement

-development of concepts

refer to something that's not in front of you

-key to developing concepts

neanderthals most likely had language

-fully modern humans definitely had language

most likely had language

-buried their dead (Shanidar)

-maybe related because their could've been an overlap with homo sapiens (Quazeh)

-probably just shared a common ancestor but different species

yeah, but not as well as us

-different larynx/ phaynx

-hyoid bone similar

-(11,000- 8,000 BC)

-Eastern mediterranean

-complex hunter-gatherers

-collect wild what/ barley

-domestication

(11,000-9,000 BC)

-Natufian

-mud and sticks for walls, small

-processing and storing of wild grains

(10,000-6,000 BC)

-transition to farming village

-burials beneath house floors

-rooms for storage

-from small compounds of circular houses to large villages with rectangular houses

-entire community is an economic unit to each household is an economic unit

-more privacy which leads to more individualism

10,000-3,000 bp

-environmental changes

-sedentism

-Koster

-southeastern mounds indicate social ranking

development into sedentism from early to late archaic period

-permanent occupations

-stratigraphy

-lack of nutritional stress

Eating different food, different tools need to be used to prepare it

-Become sedentary, Mobile hunter-gatherers and farmers

-houses bigger and sturdier, more time to construct

stricter rules

-higher security measures

-questions regarding food production

People do selecting instead of nature

-picking things that are useful to us instead of what makes the animal more fit for the environment
-Ensure that offspring have the same traits
-Domesticated things need human intervention to continue survival and successful reproduction

-improves desirable qualities of plants and animals

-tastier, nutritious

-easier harvest, storage

environmental changes

-population growth

-technological advancements

(no agreed upon answer)

One place of origin

-Great labor saving development

-Led immediately to better nutrition/health

hunting partner

-source of food

-skins can be used for food

-alarm system

-herder/guardian

-ethnic conflicts

-no broad geographic access like hunter-gatherers

-results in trade, trading alliances

-kinship, marrying into other communities

archaic societies as natural phenomena

-localized, self-contained societies

-balance between population and environment

(1500-700 BC)

-earthen rings, mounds

-hunter-gatherer and gourd civilization

-several thousand people

-exchange of exotic material

-unusual h-g site, large permanent pop, social inequality/ politics?

-precursor

ceremonial complex (shared set of traits, but different societies from different communities

-burial mounds, effigy mounds

-h-gs who cultivated plants

-Ohio River Valley

develops out of Adena (Ohio and Illinois)

-more prestige good exchange

-burial mounds, geometric earthworks

-"big man" politics as a model

emerged as powerful enterpreneurs

-accumulate friendships and alliances by giving away stuff

-status dies with them though

-short lived, temporary affairs that disappear

-miss. river drainage

-maize agriculture

-ceremonial complex (mounds. trade, iconography)

east St. Louis

-height of power 1050-1250 AD

-just south of Miss. Ill, and Missouri rivers

-big trade center due to river system

-up to 30,000 living there

-exchange of mica, copper, marine shell, highly decorated poverty, etc.

-over 100 mounds throughout (including 100 ft high one)

-mound 72

located in Cahokia

-one man buried with 20,000 beads

-3 individuals buried around him

-capitated men, 50 women (strangulated?)

kingdom circa AD 1050

-drawing on earlier mound based ceremonies

-elites at Cahokia dominate rural peasants, commoners growing massive amounts of corn for elites

-mississipian tradition spreads as a religion with regional variants

-collapse 1250 followed by diaspora

mythical leader of sumeria

-super human, tyrant, opressor

-first time stories were written down in script (2000 BC)

-pride leads to fall

large town with wall/tower

-early administration

-7000 BC

unclear what walls are for

-required coordinated, organized labor

-massive densely packed community

-trade/religion and early urbanism

-sharp stone tools, volcanic resource

-center of exchange

-religion

Tigris and Euphrates

-rich floodplains

-North Mesopotamia-early rainfall farming

-South Meso-later irrigation farming

-early agriculture

-temples

-social integration-religion is the driving force, sedentary, masks inequality of urban life

-earliest city: 50,000 residents

-defensive walls

-intensive aggriculture + craft production + power of administrive elites

-hegemony leads to rise of urban settlements

initially:  sumerian clay token accounting system (writing system)

-pictograph

-simplification / phoneticization (moving towards alphabet)

clay tablets

-"wedge writing"

urban pops

-specialization

-government (bureacrats, soldiers)-formal

-hegemony

-recurrent elements- irrigation, surplus, temples, cities, admin, writing

-irrigation + temples --large communities--cities--admin elites--writing

irrigation as key

-pop pressure?- pop decline prior to state emergence

-rather:  altered social relations as important as material factors

Landscape politics (Neil Norman)

case study # 3

religious and political aspects draw people into the kingdom (Hueda)

-Dongbe-python deity worshipped by practices of Vodun (religion in W Africa)

-Significance of massive ditch features surrounding Savi?

-ditches-physically and symbolically represent pythons

-symbolic representations of Dongbe

-provided protection for Savi elites by evoking cosmology

-willing necessity to incorporate other power diety in your religion

-Euro witnesses oblivious-didnt make sense to them

elite zone: palace complex

-ditches seperate palace complex

-trade goods within

-Euros fail to recognize

-serpents housed within palace

pathway of procession:  ditches

involves movement of raw commondities from New world to Europe

-manufactured goods like guns move from Europe to Africa and a little bit to New world, enslaved persons going from africa to new world

-plays a key role in spiritual and social practices in Africa

-facilitates communication with the spiritual world

-eased anxiety and built community

regularly distributed to slaves to keep them from causing trouble- ease slave transition

-reward for hard work

blending of old traditions into new African American culture

-adaptive

-combo of African ideas and American colonial setting