Term
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Definition
Torii gate (Itsukushima Shinto shrine)
Japan
1168
•Can only cross by foot at low tide
•Pass through to go to Shinto shrine
•Red color was believed to keep away demons/bad spirits
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•Gates between human and spirit world |
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Nara
607
•Oldest set of buildings in the world
•Chinese influence (dougong brackets; ceramic ornamentation)
•Tall pagoda on the right
•Golden Hall on the left would house gatherings
•The buildings are off-center from entrance
•5 story pagoda (represents the 5 elements of earth) |
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Term
| Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion) |
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Definition
Kyoto
1489
•Zen Buddhism (interaction with the current world)
•Classical age of garden design
•Each of 3 floors has a different architectural style
•Bronze phoenix (enlightenment within the world) at the top of the building
•Simple/minimal dougong brackets
•Interior is entirely natural
•Picturesque massing and composition |
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Term
| Ryōan-ji Zen Temple and Garden |
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Definition
Kyoto
1450
•Dry garden
•Large rock formation interspersed within garden
•Tatami mat proportions (2:1)
•15 stones (5 groups)
•Can only see 14 at a time, you can only see 15 if you’ve reached enlightenment
•Space between stones relates to tatami ratio (?) |
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Term
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Definition
Germany
310
•First example of basilica church
•Brick construction
•Longest surviving single structure from Rome
•5 aisles; middle was higher with clerestory for light
•Hierarchy of people in religion in space
•Priests inside (apse/transept) → worshippers → converts → commoners |
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Term
| Basilica of St. John Lateran |
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Definition
Rome
314
•Social space
•First example of basilica church
•5 aisles
•Wooden roof
•Walls ornamented with fresco
•Brick-faced concrete |
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Definition
Rome
425-432
•3 aisles
•Built on side of temple of Juno
•24 Columns in nave taken from destroyed temple of Juno
•Wood roof |
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Definition
Rome
319-330
•Martyrium: tomb of a saint
•Stairs leading up to platform foundation
•House church + basilica
•Columns taken from Roman pagan temples |
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Palestine
333
•Columns stolen from other buildings
•Side aisles
•Nave in center
•Large octagonal area added to apse
–Meant to show cave to worshippers |
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Term
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Definition
Rome
350
•Constantine’s daughter’s mausoleum
•Drum with a dome
•Number of columns reference to 12 apostles
•Trabeated; Arch construction
•Dark aisles surrounding brightly lit domed area (Heaven) |
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Definition
Italy
370
•Centrally planned
•Circular in plan
•4 towers buttressing large dome → carried the weight
•Lost the ability to create singular concrete structures
•Juxtapose basilicas → can’t take in entire structure at once |
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Definition
Turkey
532-37
Architects: Anthemius of Tralles, Isidor of Miletus
•Large pile of masonry domes
•Exterior considered less important
•Pendentivedome
•Esonarthex& Exonarthex
•Lots of small windows let in light
•Gold mosaics (literal embodiment of heaven)
•Revetment
•Unified church & emperor
•Converted into a mosque and then a museum |
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Definition
Ravenna
526-48
•Martyriumfor St. Vitalis
•Octagonal plan; off-center narthex due to surrounding buildings)
•Some of the best preserved mosaics
•Mosaics depict bishops giving Christ model of San Vitale (offering the building as tribute)
•Ornaments dematerialize the heavy brick walls |
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Term
| Monastery of Hosios Loukas, Katholikon and Theotokos churches |
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Definition
Greece
1020
•8 piers around a nave
•Interior is marble
•Exterior more ornate |
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Definition
Kosovo
1318-21
•Elongated central dome
•Use of iron as tie rods
•Exonarthex→ Esonarthex → Nave → Attention goes upward into the dome
•Dark interior of aisles with no light
•Clerestory windows in dome to illuminate the fresco of Christ |
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Term
| Church of the Intercession |
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Definition
Russia
1166
•Iron tie rods
•Onion dome → Eastern churches
•Narrow windows to protect villagers under siege
•Interior is tiny; only small celebrations held there |
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Definition
Ukraine
1200
•Labyrinth of fragmented grid spaces
•Large windows; light is split by domes and levels
•Never see clergy; behind screen
•Private/meditative, go to individual rooms to pray |
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Jerusalem
691-92
•Islam conquered Jerusalem and built structure to leave lasting mark
•Oldest Islamic building
•Rock inside that Muhammad used to ascend to Heaven
•Drum, octagonal plan
•Geometric pattern with blue and gold accents
•Dome’s/Building’s piers are offset, space is fragmented inside
•Communal courtyard
•Interior decoration looks like it is inspired by Hagia Sophia |
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Definition
Damascus, Syria
705-15
•Primary mosque for world community
•Minaret
•Kept Roman basilica’s walls/Corinthian columns
•Peristylecourtyard and hypostyle prayer hall added
•Roman and Byzantine : House/dome structure
•Double arch in hypostyle prayer hall
–Corinthian columns with arches with Tuscan columns holding up smaller arches to support theceiling |
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Definition
Spain
785-987
•900 : Largest city in Europe after Islamic invasion
•Courtyard was a garden
•Two-tier arch system (horseshoe arch from Visigoth architecture)
•Church was placed in center of prayer hall after Germanic people re-conquered it
•Hyper-detailed near Mihrab
•Mosaics borrowed from Byzantine architecture |
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Definition
Granada
1000-1333
•Originally a fortress for Khalifa
•Rectangular/square buildings in plan
•Majority of buildings open into courtyards
•Each ruler would add their own wing
•Fountains/reflecting pools in gardens
•Isolated from the rest of Islam
–Court of the Lions : Thin columns; pointed arch; alabaster basin carried by 12 lions oriented by cardinal directions (4 rivers of paradise); Arabesque/Muqarna |
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