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-pyramids at giza, egypt
-2550-2460 BC - old kingdom
-Khufu, khafre, menkaure
-480ft
-3 small queen pyramids
-would not demolish
-air shafts to north - orian stars
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- forum of trajan - 100-114 AD
- larger than other two
- symmetrical design
- Column of trajan-amazing piece of art
- designed by Apolodorus of Damascus
- Carved in sprial relief of trajans victories in the dacian wars
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acropolis-
temple of apollo-450bc
sanctuary of asklepios-360bc
theatre of dionysos-350bc
sanctuary of asklepios-300bc
Parthenon- 448to 432 BC:
architects iktinos & kallikrates
dedicated to Athena
not the best Doric order not the best eight columns across behind that six columns
colums leaned away making it taller
curved style bate
ionic frieze on exterior of cella walls
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- Colosseum, Rome (80AD) Flavian Amphitheater
- First 3 levels: stacked half columns in the doric, ionic, and corinthian orders
- 4th level were corinthian pilasters
- half columns combined with arches for additional support
- 510ftx613ft
- exterior walls were travertine+corinthian cap on top+entablatures
- architect- titus vespasian
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- Pantheon, Rome 118 AD
- Corinthian granite columns-greatest of rome
- rectangular portico attached to a circular cella
- corbelled concrete rings form the top portion of the dome
- oculus
- hemispherical dome over a cylindrical cella base
- tiers of diminishing square coffers
- corinthian order
- semicircular+rectangular alternating niches (structural) that act as a relieving arches
- dome interior made of arches+vaults
- aggregate in concrete mix is progressively lightened
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-Macho Picchu, Peru
-1450AD
-incans
-had sacred district, district of priests and nobility, populated district
-wanted to be closer to heavens
-irrigation systems + trapazoidal doorways |
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-Chicken Itza - Mayan
-Yucatan, Mexico
-900 AD
-on top was the caraco
-corbel technique
-earth mud bricks
-looks of observatory
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- Arch of Constantine- 315 AD
- Both are triple arch structures-embellished with stories of him in war and as a person
- unknown architect
- three archways
- 1 m high, 25.7 m wide and 7.4 m deep
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-Triumphal Arch of Septimius Serverus
-203AD
-celebrates parthian victories of him and sons
-richly coffered
-was the foundation for arch of constin. |
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| first sign of architecture |
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14000 BC
mammoth bones-multiple families |
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| oldest lived in city 8000 BC, used river |
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| Fortress wall built from huge irregularly shaped stones such as those found at Inca ruins can be described as ____ stone masonry. |
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| 2. The architect, _____, introduced large-scale stone structures into Egypt at Djoser’s Funerary Complex & Step Pyramid at the beginning of the Old Kingdom period. |
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| 3. Stonehenge in southern England is an example of a large Prehistoric, Neolithic architectural monument and is called _____ construction. |
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| 4. Windows placed high in Egyptian temple walls are called ____windows and allow dramatic lighting to enter the space. |
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| 5. What is the very ancient Egyptian tomb form, which is built of masonry, rectangular in plan with a flat top and sloped sides? ___________________ |
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| 6. Stonehenge has 30 Sarcen stones erected in a circle enclosing five ________ which are two upright stones and capped with a lintel and are set in a horseshoe shape facing the heel stone. |
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| 7. The only real example of Neo-Sumerian architecture is the ______ and is located in modern day Iraq. |
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| 8. Ziggurat at Ur has an interior of _____ brick and a finished exterior casing of __________ brick. |
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| 9. What two rivers form the historic location of Ancient Mesopotamia? _________ & ______. |
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| 12. A large interior space having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof and was prevalent in late Egyptian architecture is called ___________. |
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| In Mesoamerican architecture an outer wall sloped inward as it rises is called a _____ and the rectangular panel above is called a _________. |
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| mesa verde: the Ancient Pueblo reached their zenith in architecture in 1100 – 1300 AD at Mesa Verde. A large chamber, sometimes circular in form, is used for religious ceremonies and is called a ______. |
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| 3 architectural views in order |
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| 16. Stones or brick are laid horizontally with each course projecting out form the last form a _______ arch. |
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| what is the space called between columns? |
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| who is associated with the hellenistic period? |
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| two civilzations of the aegean culture are - and - |
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| micinean 3000bc - minoan 1600bc |
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| archeologist messed up restoration at minoan city of knossos? |
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| simple rectangular shape w/ solid walls having entrance on one side. called prodomos, interior called domos |
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archaic -700-500BC
classic-479-323 bc
hellenistic - 323 - 146 BC |
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| how did greeks fund the restoration of the parthenon between 479 - 323 bc |
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| what did Mnesikles design at the acropolis? |
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| temple w/ one corinthian column |
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| temple of apollo epicurius 450 - 425 bc |
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| Compare city planning of Agora with a past civilization. |
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Tikal-
buildings to create space |
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| why did they stop building temple of zues? |
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| arrogance, trying to be on the same level as gods |
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| main ceremonial parthway that crosses through the athenian agora |
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| 1. What are the individual multiple wedge-shaped blocks that fit together in compression to create a true semi-circular arch called? |
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| sunken sqares for dome relief are... |
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| 4. City towns such as TimGad, Algeria in North Africa use a standard Roman grid plan when designing their city. The city is anchored by two streets called a ---- (north- south) and a ----. (east - west) |
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| 5. The Romans invented hydraulic cement using ---, lime, water and aggregate. |
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| 6. List the 4 types of concrete systems the Romans used to form walls in order they were discovered: |
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1. Opus Incertum 2. Opus Reticulatum
3.Opus Testaceum 4. Opus Listatum |
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| 7. The dominate housing type, after the fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64 AD, was the apartment block or ---- |
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| colonnade surrounding a courtyard |
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| roman temples are based on - and - |
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| 11. What is the difference between the Roman Temple of Fortuna Virilis and a typical Greek Temple? |
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Definition
1. Axial Front view, columns at the front portico vs. Peripteral temple
2. Engaged columns at side and rear vs. freestanding peripteral
3. Cella walls brought out to the columns vs. an interior cella w/ colonnade. |
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| pont du gard - france, nimes |
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| 16 bc - 80 foot span across river |
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| 20. Describe the construction technique called Opus Reticulatum. (6 pts) |
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| A stone formwork the Romans used to contain cement, made of pozzolana, lime, rubble (or aggregate) and water. The stones were placed at the exterior of the wall form with the pyramidal face on the exterior and the “teeth” or points at the interior. The cement would then be poured in between the stone formwork and form a hard concrete wall. |
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| how was pompeii destoyed? when? |
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| 23. Describe a standard Roman city plan that would have been built in an unsettled area. (6 pts) |
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| It was rectangular or square in plan with two main roads, the cardo and the decumanus crossing at right angles in the center of town. The public spaces were located at this intersection at the center of town. The buildings such as a theatre may be placed where the topography was best suited. Residential sectors were laid out in rectangular blocks with land reserved for neighborhood markets and recreational facilities as the town grew. Streets would be numbered. Entrances into the city were framed by triumphal arches and continuous colonnades lined the major streets. A wall surrounded the original city plan. |
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