VEDBAEK

-5000bc, denmark

- many graves of an indiputably symbolic nature

--decorative items such as clothes, ppl framed by deer antler, males with rocks on pelvis

-first evidence of warfare

-- parry fractures, arrows in backs, linear depressions

-male, fem, and kid buried in one grave, w weapons in body (evidence of nuclear fam)

-graves were used for long time

--indicative of teritoriality

what do the arrows imbedded in the backs of women tell us?

-from graves at vaedbak, denmark

-they tell us that groups were trying to kill each other totally

MOUNT ZENDEL

-ireland

-stone huts located on an estuary

-presence of small storage pits means ppl get food all year round, arent storing alot

-animals hunted were mostly solitary

aka elk, fallow deer

- presence of fish and bird

-- bc they were exploiting a wide range of food sources, the more likely their pop would grow

STARR CARR

- site in england

- probably seasonal

- was on the edge of lake, lake flooded, everything preserved

-- fishing equipment, 2 kinds

GORGE, and LEISTER

took much energy

means ppl putting energy into fishing

a GORGE is:

a piece of fishing equipment

small sliver of bone, string attatched in center

when fisherman pulls on a swallowed gorge it flips upwards and sticks in throat

labor intensive

lots found at STARR CARR

a LEISTER is:

 type of fishing equip

found at STARR CARR

two pieces of antler lashed together at the end of a pole like a crab claw

LABOR INTENSIVE

GUTHRY

 - thought cave art was made by ancient children

-- to test, he surveyed handprints at art sites and found that MOST were made by kids

 - thinks its kids showing off

support?

most art is DEEP underground, and far in cave

no one will see it, it proves you did something scary

also, most of the footprints at these sites are kids

what is the difference between steppe and savannah grasses?

- STEPPE grasses put their energy into SEED production

-- bc their major threat is COLD

- SAVANNAH grass puts energy into TUBER production

-- bc their major threat is FIRE

describe the risk associated with life on the STEPPES

- steppe grasses = suceptible to cold

-- remember, temps fluctuated ALOT back then

 -- this means they had uneven survival rates

- bc steppe animals relied on the unpredictable steppe grasses, they were unreliable

-- this made animal resources for steppe humans unpredictable

how to solve this problem?

alliance networks

-- lessen risk by dispersing it through a large pop

what is the association between cave art, alliance networks, and climate change?

art helps ppl communicate

-- art is found in high correlation w spears/projectile weapons

-- presence of spears indicates a gathering of ppl

art probably helped ppl maintain alliance networks

alliance networks were necessary bc climate variability made game unpredictable

support?  when europe thaws ppl stop doing cave art

in other words,

once food sources stabilized, alliance networks were no longer necessary, and so art was no longer necessary

MOBILITY STRATEGIES are;

ways of distributing yourself in relation to resources

RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY is:

 -also known as foragers/foraging strat

- ppl move their entire group to a food source en masse

- not territorial

- cost; lower pop

COLLECTOR STRATEGY is;

- a mobility strat

- you move food to ppl

also known as logistical mobility

- have main camp

- go to nearby resources and bring them back in concentrated form

- only so many good base camp sites = TERRITORIAL

- cost= transporting food and territoriality

-benefit= larger population

what are the costs and beneifts of agriculture?

COSTS

- territoriality

- need to expand bc of increased pop size

- encourages a less diverse diet, which is an unsustainable strat

BENEFITS

- increased repro success

what are the costs/benefits of a foraging strat?

COSTS

- less repro success

BENEFITS

- more diverse diet, more stable

- no territoriality

EIN GEV;

- isreal

- many dif occupations

- 10-20kya

- why is this site important?

-- shows PPL STILL MOBILE

- kabaran microliths indicate mobility

KABARAN MICROLITHS

- found at ein gev and jericho

- indicate mobility

-- they break easy but cheap to make

-- most efficient way to carry a cutting edge

aka LIGHT WEIGHT and DISPOSABLE

AIN MALLAHA EYNAN;

- isreal

- first site known where ppl shift to collector strat

- evidence for arrows

- evidence for collect strat?

-- heavy, hard to make, grinding stones for seeds

-- storage pits, also doubled as graves

 -- remains of rodent/bird species that live w humans in longterm settlements

why are arrows important?

 - better hunting tech than spears

- make hunting less dangerous

- NICH BROADENIGN

EITAN TCHERNOV is:

- isreali rodent specialist

- found 3 species that predict year round human habitation

black rat

house mouse

house sparrow

NETIY HAGDAD :

- isreali village

- on fertile land called an alluvial fan

- possibly a site of very early domestication of plants

HOLOCENE

period of unusual climatic stability

agricult first shows up

12.5 kya

dogs first show up

JERICHO;

 - isreal

- one of the oldest places to be continually inhabited by ppl

- neolithic ppl did extensive trading

- cereals were an important food source

- wall of trash and bricks 70 ft high accumulated

- a tower, a wall, and a trench were found

 -- wall and ditch were probably dykes, channeling water

-- tower was possibly a site of religious/cult ceremonies