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Definition
| a hypothesis that has been well supported by evidence and experimental testing |
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Definition
| holistic and integrative scientific study of the human species |
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Definition
| a group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring among themselves but not with any other group |
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Definition
| Cultural, Archaeology, Physical, Linguistic |
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Definition
| biological anthropologist specializing in the study of human fossil remains |
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Definition
| studies nonhuman primates |
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Definition
| suggesting specific data that would be found if a hypothesis were true |
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Definition
| developing a general explanation from specific observations |
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Definition
| an adherent of the idea that the world was changed over time by a series of catastrophic events |
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Definition
| the concept that biological and geological processes that affected the earth in the past still operate today |
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Definition
| supernatural power origins |
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Definition
| the study of the similarities and differences among plants and animals |
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Definition
| a systematic classification based on similarities and differences |
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Definition
| layers of different rock and soil types |
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Definition
| the arrangement of rocks and soil in sequential layers |
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Definition
| adjusted to a particular set of environmental conditions |
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Definition
| towards increasing complexity |
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| the INCORRECT idea that traits acquired by actions taken during an organisms lifetime could be passed to its offspring |
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| LAMARCK: what he did, what was correct |
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Definition
-coined biology
-plants and animals are adapted to their environments
-when environments change, organisms must alter their adaptive characteristics to survive |
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Term
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Definition
in thinking evolution was progressive and everything gets more complex
in the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
| evolution based on relative reproductive success of individuals within a species due to the individuals adaptive fitness |
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Definition
| the incorrect notion that all cultures pass through the same sequence of change |
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Definition
| the accepted notion that different cultures pass through any one of a number of possible sequences of change |
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Definition
| the belief that scientific evidence exists to support the religious claim that the universe is the product of divine creation |
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Definition
| the patterned appearance of plant and animal fossils in strata. The fossils of more ancient organisms are found in older, deeper strata, while those of more recent organisms are found in younger, generally higher strata |
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Definition
| the idea that an intelligent designer played a role in some aspect of the evolution of life on earth |
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Definition
| the movement of the plates of the earth's crust caused by their interaction with the molten rock of the earth's interior. the cause of continental drift. |
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Definition
| the supercontinent that included parts of all present-day landmasses |
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Definition
| the former landmass made up of parts of present day North America and Eurasia |
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Definition
| a large-brained, arboreal mammal with stereoscopic color vision and grasping hands and (often) feet |
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Definition
| adapted to life in the trees |
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Definition
| a member of the group of primates with the most primitive features, that is, that most resemble the earliest primates. |
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Definition
| tropical grasslands with trees scattered throughout |
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Definition
| ability to walk on two feet |
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Definition
| the bipedal primate; modern humans and their ancestors |
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Definition
| the study of the mechanism of inheritance |
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Definition
| the idea that biological traits are controlled by individual factors rather than by a single hereditary agent |
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Definition
| the portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a specific pattern |
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Definition
| the family of molecules that makes cells and carries out cellular functions |
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Definition
| a protein that controls chemical processes |
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA |
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Definition
| the molecule that carries the genetic code |
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Term
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Definition
| a strand of DNA in the nucleus of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the copying of the genetic code during the process of cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the genetic code puts together proteins in the cell |
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Definition
| the molecule that carries the genetic code out of the nucleus for translation into proteins |
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Definition
| a section of DNA that codes for a particular amino acid |
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Definition
| RNA that lines up amino acids along mRNA to make proteins |
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Definition
| the chief component of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the alleles possessed by an organism |
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Definition
| the total genetic endowment of an organism |
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Definition
| having two of the same allele |
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Definition
| having two different alleles in a pair |
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Definition
| a change in an organism's genetic material |
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Definition
| the chemical or physical results of the genetic code |
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Definition
| an allele of a pair that is not expressed |
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Definition
| an allele of a pair that IS expressed |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| the breaking up of allele pairs during gamete production |
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Definition
| a fertilized egg before cell division begins |
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Definition
| a mutation of a single letter in a codon |
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Definition
| the expression of both alleles of a gene pair |
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Definition
| a trait coded for by a single gene |
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Definition
| a trait coded for by more than one gene |
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Definition
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Definition
| a population with some degree of genetic isolation from other populations of the species |
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Definition
| generally the same as a breeding population |
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Definition
| the number of times (in percentage) that a particular allele appears in a population |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
| The formula that shows genotype percentages under hypothetical conditions of no evolutionary change |
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Term
| differential reproduction |
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Definition
| the differing reproductive success of individuals within a population |
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Definition
| the environment of an organism and its adaptive response to that environment |
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Definition
| the active, rather than random, selection of mating partners by individuals within a population |
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Definition
| the exchange of genes among populations through interbreeding |
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Definition
| the change in allele frequency by random fluctuations |
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Definition
| all the genes of a population |
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Definition
| the splitting up of a population to form new populations |
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Term
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Definition
| differences in populations caused by genetic differences in the individuals who establish the populations |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic change caused when genes are passed to new generations in frequencies unlike those in the parental population |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that speciation is slow and steady with cumulative change |
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Definition
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Definition
| adaptive variation around a norm, rather than in one direction, in response to environmental variation in a species' habitat |
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Definition
| the evolution of new species |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that species tend to remain stable, with evolutionary change arising fairly suddenly through the breaking off of a new species |
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Definition
| a classification based on similarities and differences |
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Definition
| the evolutionary precursor of the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| a classification system based on existing phenotypic features and adaptations |
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Definition
| a category within a taxonomic classification |
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Term
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Definition
| a classification system based on order of evolutionary branching rather than on present similarities and differences |
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Term
| shared derived characteristics |
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Definition
| phenotypic features shared by two or more taxonomic groups that are derived from a common ancestor and that are not found in other groups |
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Definition
| walking on all four limbs |
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Definition
| 3d vision, depth perception |
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Definition
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Definition
| to swing through the trees using arms and hands |
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Definition
| the ability to touch the thumb to the tips of other digits on the same hand |
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Definition
| individual differences in power, influence and access to resources and mating |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaning the fur of another animal, a behavior that promotes social cohesion |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a natural object consciously modified for a specific purpose |
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Definition
| the part of the brain responsible for memory and thought |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait shared by two or more species through inheritance from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait shared by two or more species that is similar in function but unrelated evolutionarily |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the behavior of organisms under natural conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| in many nonhuman mammals, the period during which a female is fertile; the signals indicating this condition |
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Definition
| a human society that relies on naturally occurring sources of food |
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Term
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Definition
| a synonym for hunter-gatherer |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of parents and offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of society that doesn't recognize differences in social position or wealth |
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Definition
| a small excavation to establish the presence of a site, often a narrow column of soil extracted by the use of a hollow metal tube |
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Term
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Definition
| a test excavation. usually a small pit or column dug to expose stratigraphic layers and to search for archaeological material. a test pit. |
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Term
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Definition
| a line of systematically located test borings |
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Term
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Definition
| hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges |
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Definition
| The most ape-like hominids |
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Term
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Definition
| small-brained, gracile hominids with a fruit/veg diet |
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Term
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Definition
| small brained, robust hominids with a grassland veggie diet |
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Term
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Definition
| large-brained, omnivorous hominids |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered in Ethiopia, 4.4 mya, humanlike canines, forward foramen magnum |
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Term
| Australopithecus anamensis |
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Definition
| Lake Turkana region of Kenya. biped leg bones. may be ancestor of all later hominids. |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| (LUCY)3.9-3 mya. prognathous, receding chin, large teeth, canine w. gap, hint of sagittal crest |
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Term
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Definition
| ridge of bone, running from front to back along the top of the skull, for attachment of chewing muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the jutting forward of the lower face and jaw area |
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Term
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Definition
| walking on the backs of the knuckles |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrying, Vigilance, Heat dissipation, Energy efficiency, Reaching up to pick food, Display |
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Term
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Definition
| "Black Skull" small brain, large sagittal crest, most prognathous face |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.5-2.2 mya, body size of australopithecus, larger brain capacity, sagittal crest |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2.2 mya "zinjanthropus" large jaws and back teeth, large sagittal crest |
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Term
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Definition
| when one species outcompetes others for the resources of a particular area |
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Definition
| Earliest period of hominid toolmaking in Africa, Europe and Asia. Dates to as much as 2.5 mya in Africa to about 250,000 in the Old World |
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Term
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Definition
| A toolmaking tradition from Africa associated with early Homo |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest type of hominid stone tool, made from water-smoothed stones with a few flakes taken off one or both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| a tool made by taking a flake off a stone nucleus |
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Definition
| a tool made from a flake removed from a stone core |
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Term
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Definition
| "handy man" notable increase in brain, stone tools |
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Term
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Definition
| a sloping of the sides of the skull toward the top as viewed from the front |
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Definition
| the rear portion of the skull |
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Definition
| a bony ridge at the back of the skull where the neck muscles attach |
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Definition
| The geological time period from 1.6 mya to 10000 ya characterized by a series of glacial advances and retreats |
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Definition
| Geological epoch that dates from 5-1.6 mya This is the epoch during which the first hominids appeared in Africa |
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Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
(found in Chad) 6-7 mya
Oldest known, smaller canines, thicker, larger teeth, more downward foramen magnum |
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Term
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Definition
| 6.1-5.8 mya, no skulls or fragments. size and shape of femur suggests bipedalism. found in Tugen Hills of Kenya |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.5-5.8 mya. leg bones and foramen magnum suggest bipedalism |
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Definition
| found in central Ethiopia, leg bones and foramen magnum |
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Term
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Definition
| The most apelike hominids |
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Term
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Definition
| small-brained, gracile hominids with a mixed fruit/veg diet |
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Term
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Definition
| small-brained, robust hominids with a grassland veggie diet |
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Term
| Homo (all these are genuses!) |
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Definition
| Large-brained, omnivorous hominids |
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Term
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Definition
| ramidus kadabba, ramidus ramidus |
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Term
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Definition
| foramen magnum, elbows and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| to attach a wooden part to a stone or bone point |
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Definition
| FRENCH site- precise way of flaking, additional flaking to make specialized tools (Neandertals) |
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Term
| Australopithecus Anamensis |
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Definition
| 3.8- 4.2 mya, leg bones, dentition. Lake Turkana, transitional from Ardi |
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Term
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Definition
| early hominid genus, from Pleistocene age of Africa |
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Definition
| adapted to chewing stalks and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| Maeve Leakey found, 3.5 mya, brain size/teeth/nasal like Aust. but face is FLAT |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sahelanthropus Tchadensis |
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Definition
| 7-6 mya, Toumai, candidate for oldest ancestor, ape brain but hominid teeth |
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