Basilica: Trier, Germany (Constantine 310 CE)

• basilica already existed from Romans
• audience hall with Constantine's throne at end
• beautiful arches with lit space
• precident for 1st churches, now others could be built

St. John in Lateran, Rome (314 CE)

• large gathering space
• oblong shape like basilica, but also side areas
• modest building
• Christianity was young and Roman arch was being forgotten (wars)
• little facade detailing
• inward-oriented spaces born here

Old St. Peter's, Rome (326 CE) 

• very complex plan
• still contains nave but now 4 isles and transept included
• inward-orientated like St. John in Rome

Santa Sabina, Rome (430 CE)

• arches over recycled columns was the only addition to the basicila model since Old St. Peter's in 326 CE

Hagia Sophia, Justinian, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey) (532-37 CE) 

History

• could allow churches to be built as 1st Christian emperor
• became monuments anchoring new cities
• 1st time christian arch takes precidence in city
• Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
• Originally built by Constantine, then destroyed because Christian faith not really set
• destroyed two times by rioters

Hagia Sophia, Justinian, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey) (532-37 CE)

Architecture 

• all brick structure with marble inside
• windows create illusion of dome floating
• inward-oriented central planned church (outside, hard to tell what shape building is trying to take (appears as a mountain range))
• not important for outter appearance, focused on interior
• used butterfly marbling
• columns (composite) --> comnines ionic/corinthian detailing
• ionic scroll winding capitals, corinthian use of leaves
• use of multiethical architecture with reienvention 
• great architectural/structural feats, but it didn't line up columns?
• not as important as in Roman architecture, shows cultural shift from Greek life

St. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy (538-45 CE)

Constructed by Theodoric

• hidden dome on outside with pitched roof
• learning from Hagia Sophia
• inward oriented again
• decorated with marble/color

Tome of Theodoric, Ravenna (520 CE)

• 1 monolithic stone dome
• much like a dolmen and it shows the power that was beneath monolith
• 10 sided structure with vouissairs (trapezoidal stones in arches)

Charlemagne's Reign (800 CE)

• middle ages seen as dark with very little freedom
• attempt to unite tribal areas into 1 empire
• this meant not one capital, but had to move around to form connections with many areas, meaning more than one capital building
• over 200 monisteries built
• successor of Roman emperor
• permission of Pope to claim this title

Charlemagne's Imperial Chapel, Aachen, Germany (800 CE)

• central planned church
• small, simple building with clrity
• use of marble with vouissar stones (trapezoidal arch stones)
• connections with byzantine (dome) and islamic (arches) architecture
• Remember Islamic culture modeled their arches after the Visigoths

St. Gall, Switzerland (9th c. CE or 800's CE)

• monasteries  originally small, but with growing faith, arch also grew in size
• started to grow in power (like budhaist monastaries)
• 100+ monks
• center contained church (nave w/ isles and transcept aka. basicila style)
• 2 towers that served as ceremonial use (not bell towers)
• known as westwork, and these eventually became bell towers and became a main feature in Gothic era (1300-1400's)

Clony III, France (1100 CE)

• basic imperial center with monks
• reigned of 1500 monastaries across Euorpe
• mini city for monks
• cathedral is very important and extravagent
• Cluny had very important political and religious power
• transept becomes important and grows in size
• formed the latin cross church (1 part longer than the rest)

Pilgrimage routs in Europe and Pilgrimage church plans (1000-1200 CE)

• people began to travel all over europe
• from france to spain to rome to germany, the cultures spread, and this was especially evident in the architecture
• churches began to develop as people traveled to new places
• developed the full latin cross (still had nave and isles and transept and apse)

Durham Cathedral, Britain (1093 CE)

• cross shape plan with rib vulting
• pointed arches
• Roman inspired church design (Gothic arches)
• due to invasion by Normans

Norman Cathedral of Santa Maria Nuova at Monreale, Palermo, Italy (1150 CE)

• shift form inner-oriented churches to intricately decorated facades

Krak des Chevaliers, west of Homs, Syrai (1140 CE)

• Catholics and christians began to spread their faith though conquest, leading to the Crusades
• people violently thrust into wars
• unfortunately death occured, but a spread of culture occured as well with two cultures colliding
• new type of architecture emerged (castle)

The Rise of Islam (600-1200 CE)

• New mono-religion after Muhammad
• created popular religion b/c 1) not hierarchial, 2) easy to group, 3) tolerant of differences
• rulers tolerant of non-believers
• military conquest/conversion though military/political power
• spread across Middle East to Europe and India
• Three main causes for rising of Islam
• 1) military 2) pursuasion 3) lower taxes for Muslims

5 Pillars of Islam

• 5 daily prayers
• 1 trip to Mecca (pilgrimage)
• give to those in need
• declaration to 1 God
• fasting at Ramadan

The Kaaba, Mecca

• not founded by Muhammad, but placed over an old temple
• gave monotheic temple meaning (originally polytheistic religion)
• replaced previous religion, not b/c there wasn't space for the temple
• reinscripted Paegan monument as Islamic place of worship
• couldn't represent God in human form (simply adapted old site)

Developments in Mosques

• the mosque is not a distinct building type
• like Christian building, slow to develop
• built upon secular building type (like basilica in Rome --> church) 
• 1 big space with direction to Mecca

Common Elements in Mosquesd

• sahn: court (often with fountain)
• served ritual cleaning before prayer
• haram: enclosed space
• qibla: direciton toward Mecca
• mihrab: niche in qibla wall
• minaret: tower for calls to prayer
• minbar: pulpit for the imam
• maksura: prayer space for royal elites

Mosque of the Prophet in Medina (634 CE) (A)

• didn't want elaborate detail (temporary building with dirt and wood)
• simple space that faced Jersuelm (prior to conquest of Mecca by Muhammad, so Jersuelm recognized by prophed as center fo faith)
• very basic type with three most important mosque features (sahn, haram, and qibla)
• one of earliest examples of the hypostyle hall (long hall with rows of pillars)

Umayyad Mosque of Demascus (707-714 CE) (B)

• more developed than Mosque of the Prophet in Medina (634 CE) (A)
• Built by Umayyads (a vast Islamic empire)
• Development of mosque allows Umayyads to become more established than the Shi'ites
• existing Greco-roman city
• absorbed elements form others (construction from the Persians, math from the Indians, etc.)
• contains the basic mosque elements, but also added mihrab for direction and maksura for the elite (closest to mihrab) 

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (690 CE)

• constructed by Caliph (Umayyad ruler) Abd Al-Malik
• rock inside that had other meanings
• foundation stone for jews and a meaningful event location for Christianity
• places that are constantly contested become desirable because has meaning to many cultures/religions
• inspired by Byzantine churche, evident in the detailing of the building
• central plan building and the interior is clad in marble (like the HS)
• circlucular hallway in center and outer octogonal
• constructed from wood and detailed in metal plating

Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus (701-714 CE)

• horseshoe arches; people claim that this is an islamic staple, yet they just perfected this form
• Islams adapted this form from the visigoths in Europe, a paegan culture
• hybrid arch forms form other cultures

Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq present day (850 CE) 

• Architecture by Abbasids (after drove the Umayyads out of much of middle east)
• contained mihrab/minaret
• rectangular will (haram) with 16 entrances
• similar look to the ziggurat

Great mosque of Corboda, Al-Andalus, Spain (785-1000 CE)

• branch of Umayyad dynasty that fled to Spain
• Corboda was central city in spain with central Mosque
• central area that doesn't look like mosque because it was replaced by church in the 14th century)
• not peaceful, by symbolic act
• christianized city through arch, planned to override symbolic belief, christian temple built over roman arch, Rome->church->mosque->church, one of first minerts -> replace christian bell tower
• interior of church stunning with horseshoe arches
• cusped loves, originally for structural purposes, but now simply ornamental decoration
• 1st phase of construction built from wood
• mihrab located at lower wall (like apse in qibla wall)
•  3 domes built near qibla wall
• allowed light to come in neaer dome base, giving floating illusion
• mosque ornaments
• attention to geometric patterns, vegetation/plants, and script
• b/c no representation of God, needed the script to become ornamental meaning
• not human representations (Jesus on the cross) but something more interesting
• over next 5 c, spain will be involved in religious war with muslims, and whe they win in 15th c, Islams kicked out, and mosque converted into church once again

Great Mosque of Isfahan, Iran (1000 CE)

• built on site of Christian church
• originally built 717 CE, but added on overtime
• iwan
• vaulted arches/halls, walled on 3 sides with the other open, place for enthroned king originally

Muqarnas in the Iwans (Great mosque of Isfhan) 

• incredible detailing
• script becoming ornamentaion
• floral patterns
• geometric patterns
• more ornate and shows mastery over math
• not invented here, instead emerging in North Africa/Iran at the same time
• unsure when/how style was created

Alhambra, Granada, Al-Andalus/Spain (1030-1350 CE)

• Umayyads no longer because driven out by war and society now city states
• Structure is one of the wonders of the world
• Islamic space and retreat as the Christians were taking over
• Islamic rulers are a defenders of poetry/art/culture
• islamic culture is more developed than other cultures
• Fortresses on hill transformed into pleasure palace
• combo of built/unbuilt, stone/vegetation, strong/soft
• gardens, sequence of rooms, mediated with water features
• had symbolic role
• represented to be the Islamic heaven

Court of the Lions, Alhambra (Granada, Spain) (1030-1350 CE)

• court with exotic spaces around it
• fountain interior with lions surrounding
• 4 channels of water that flows into interior spaces
• represents the four rivers of paradise
• capitals of pillars with intricate detailing (3 main things) 
• represented as the Islamic heaven

Ornamentation in Alhambra

• geometry, text, and nature
• Muqarna vault
• geometric yet almost looks natural and includes honeycomb vaulting

Summary of Europen Cities, The Gothic, and the Renaissance (1200-1600 CE)

1. Rise of European Cities
1. transculturalization across the Mediterranean (cities built to model new type of person, the merchant)
2. design of civic pace and public institutions (new class, so new building types
2. Gothic architecture (traveled internationally)
1. changing religious attitudes
2. French state buildings vs. international style
3. Renaissance architecture
1. Revival (ancient) vs. invention (present/future)
2. perspectival space vs. systematic languate
3. merchant chill vs. papal propaganda

Rise of European Cities

• Focus on Italy from book (but can focus on north)
• Bruige in North Germany and its rise

Palaces Facing the Grand Canal, Venice: Ca'Loredan (13th C) and Ca d'Oro (15th C)

• trade across Mediterranean brought groups together and cultures exchanged
• pseudo city built upon pillars
• wealthy merchants established here
• node of world trade
• concentration of > $ in small area
• S shaped canal through city
• wealthy merchants live along canal in  palatazos
• more windows than walls at times
• Merchants lived in pianno noble (1 floor above river level)

Pizza San Marco Cathedral, Venice (late 12th C)

• built in 11th C with a Romanisque form
• Domes copied from Constantinople
• Elevated domes for decoration
• copied from Dome of Rock and cultural lines start to blur

Doge's Palace (Plazzo Ducale), Venice (1340)

• Gothic style (pointed arches)
• Quatrefoil  tracery in arches
• Unknown where arches originate
• Although gothic arches pointed, taken from Islamic cultures, who obtained it form the Visogoths
• Architecture lineage
• Palace not a church but usues similar vocabulary
• Arch influenced by Byzantine trade
• known as transculturation (adopting current foreign styles for own use)
• create statement for political power
• Political powerhouse, yet has church like forms

St. Denis Cathedral, France, rebuilt by Abbot Suger (1130's CE)

• allow light to come into church
• transcendent of God
• structural system with ribbed ceilings to allow light
• more technical approach
• more imposing facades, opposed to basilicas
• instead becomes billboards for religion
• arch speaks to the person who is experiencing it
• Began by Normans, yet a clear development of new style
• abbot suger had theories of religion, and developed those into theories of architecture
• powerful monk who wanted people to be drawn in
• desired a new apse to draw people in, and called it the Chevet, where churches began to develop relics
• new popularization of faith
• established more churches for a greater number of people
• light important as sign to make experience of God more astounding
• Gothic architecture is an architecture of light
• stain glass windows could help prove God's existence
• higher ribbed vaulting made the windows to appear more like a curtain wall
• Altough didn't invent ribbed vaulting, Suger did invent the Occulus
• A cirucular window to represent the sun and God
• Took over 100 years to build
• Originally corinthian column, then ribbed vaults were added
• One of first examples of higher Gothic Cathedral in France

Chartes Cathedral, France, (1194-1220 CE)

• Small yet wealthy town, cathedral that could hold over 8000 people
• Create a heightened experience of religion
•  Epitome of GA with flying buttresses
• Multiple levels of buttresses
• All of this to help add as much light as possible
• Nave elevation has three levels
• Almost treated as facade because of intricate detailing
• Didactic tool because many people were illiterate
• Saints/gargoyles were portrayed upon façade
• Arch allowed you to create more powerful messages
• New ways religion is experienced, but new tension of how gothic supported by state (political move that rulers used) and the religious style cultural implications also important (French state vs. international stylistic phenomenon)

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, arch. Arnolfo di Cambio and Franceso Talenti, with Brunelleschi dome (1296-1446)

• New type of architecture based upon Ancients
• Florence was headquarters of this architecture
• Wealthy city with wealthy merchants
• Dome as wide as Pantheon and twice as high
• New and unprecedented
• Brunelleschi won competition and marveled city
• Rather than build scaffolding and build around, needed positive space to be replaced by negative space
• Instead, build octagonal ribs with outer ring
• Needed skeleton rib with concentric circles
• Double shell structure with skeleton in middle
• Developed masonry that was self sustaining
• Half domes different from rest of building (black and white arch from Islam/Byz)
• Classical in inspiration from Roman bathhouses and other arch
• Lanterns with flying buttresses and classical steeple
• Renaissance arch with gothic and classical influences

Palazzo Medici, Florence, arch Michelozzo (1440’s CE)

• Urban palace of merchant class
• Not just castles, but merchants who needed larger houses in the city
• Merchants and bankers had noble positions
• Culture important to make a well rounded person
• Shift from religion to human value as center
• Shift from religious arch to renaissance human values
• Had statues to become patrons of arts (Museum like)
• Façade appear defensive (rustication)à stones that aren’t smoothed down
• Progressive smoothing as you move up with biform windows
• Rhythm importing in building (windows and stone placement)
• Cornice most important as it hung out a meter over the street
• Appearance of temple/monumental end point
• Courtyard takes up almost half of the space (perfect square)
• Suite of started becoming popular
• Design problem (if perfect square, how do you fit everything else)
• Make everything come together and meet in corner
• Others used doubled columns

Sant’Andrea, Mantua, arch. Leon Battista Alberti, (1470-1494 CE)

• Began researching/publishing certain architectural rules
• First modernity and architectural written progress
• Abandoned side isled church type
• Classical system appeared again
• Single vault with side chapels
• Pillars to hold up side chapels called pilaster because it was a column inside of the wall itself
• Combination of roman triumphant arch with the Greek temple front
• First time ever combined (classical elements into something new)
• Interior treated like external façade

New St. Peters Cathedral, Rome, evolution of plans (1450-1610 CE)

• One of most intricate buildings
• More evolution of designing
• Final evolution was a combination of basilica and central plan
• Bramante design of St. Peter (1500)
• Inspired by pantheon and bath houses
• Much larger dome with smaller temple on top
• Lower area of dome ½ size of upper temple
• Michelangelo dome at St. Peter (1560)
• Taller dome seen from everywhere
• Twice as many columns to hide buttresses
• More plasticity, especially on rear façade
• Did this by using multiple pillars
• Compared this to human limb (loved analogies of humans and architecture)

African Cultures and Connections (1200-1700 CE)

• Not much understanding of this arch
• Often misunderstood and ignored
• Due to European colonization
• All prejudices came from European bias

Africa (1300 CE)

• Connected to rest of world and goes through growth and change
• Camel=ship of the Sahara
• Allowed for interaction and trade that connects Mali to Cairo and Europe
• Much has older roots than other arch, but renaissance around 1200-1700 CE
• After 1700 CE, Africa suffers from colonization and loss of culture

Summary of African Cultures and Connections (1200-1700 CE)

• Ethiopia: Rock-cut churches
• Byzantine influence
• Aksum traditions
• Great Zimbabwe: stone arch
• Different historical interpretations since 19^th century
• Mali: Mosques
• Trade networks
• Pre-Islamic /Islamic architectural traditions
• Cairo: Madrasas (older brother of Venice)
• Cross-cultural Mediterranean arch

Rock-cut Churches at Lalibela, Ethiopia (11^th-13^th C CE)

• Early Christian arch prevalent here very early on
• Nubea/Aksum transferred into Christianity 4^th C CE
• Before Constantine and Constantinople being settled
• Old tradition of Christianity
• Mix of early ideas with Christian ideas and pre Aksum/non Christian ideas
• Lalibela (king priest that lived during Zagwe dynasty)
• Soft stone that hardens as you cut
• Dozen of churches only in this city
• About 250 in all of Ethiopia
• Not randomly aligned, but represents Jerusalem
• As churches designed, Lalibela modeled a new Jerusalem by copying the old one
• Renamed river “Jordan River”

Church of Bet Giorgis, Lalibela, Ethiopia (1200 CE)

• All designed in advanced because cut out of one rock
• Vast amount of planning, imagination, and specialization in rock cutting
• Flat roof with Greek cross (equal legs)
• Refers to early Byzantine arch (before Latin cross)
• Byzantine form with roman arches
• Central plan
• This building doesn’t, but others ornately designed with domes
• Completely cut from one solid rock
• Windows with Aksum architecture and ogee 
• could have modeled anything, but instead copied old Aksum church
• simple expression in use in materials (honesty in construction and the form follows the function)
• this worked out, but in a very different method
• timber used to hold building together and brick to allow it to be load bearing
• same shape of church, but different matierals as if it was a memory of the Aksum society

Great Zimbabwe (12th-15th CE)

• great urbnization aftr 1000
• allowed monumental architecture
• agriculture economy with mining, cattle, and trade with Islamic cultures
• minimized long droughts with income from other resources
• cities called Zimbabwes (houses of stone)
• stone and clay arch, but clay gone because not as perminent
• walls made without morter and granite in brick shape (geology)
• blocks carefully chosen (like Inca) where stone fit perfectly
• pay attention to stone height to remain horizontal
• 5 meters thick with rubble inside  (no concrete inside like Roman arch)
• heart of complex has conical tower (may have been used for grain storage)

Interpretation of Great Zimbabwe (12th-15th CE)

• understanding of architecture depending on when alive
• Eurpoean colonists first to discover society saw the culture as a promise for gold
• there to extract resources from Africa
• Scientists come after, and said must have been built by northern race
• Archiologists said that an indeginous group built it, but they were infintile in logic
• Racists revolt said that they were foreign overlords who commanded them to build this
• Partide interpretation, saying it's unique and African, but it has no function and rational, so they are different from us
• current interpretation: walls signs of prestige and authority like Egyptian society (still need to understand purpose of complex instruction)
• all history is an interpretation upon mindset of the time
• all political and reflect own values

Hill Ruin, Zimbabwe

• architecture fits with natural site
• rocks seem to come out of natural site and built envrionment
• indegineous people said that the natural landscape is sacred
• not necessarily animalistic where everything has a soul, but the natural features has a big impact on the culture

Northern Entrance, Zimbabwe (12th-15th CE)

• steps integrated with the landscape
• reflects belief system and ruler had secular authority
• can't seperate secular and political relationship

Malian Empire, Mansa Musa, ruler of empire (1312-1337 CE)

• Sahara not barrier, but more connector (like Mediterranean Sea)
• ruler
• richest man in the world in 14th C
• image shows king with crown on thron holding gold
• converted to islam, had to travel to Mecca and traveled with 40,000 people
• because spent so much gold in Constantinople, the value completely crashed and rendered gold there useless
• the center of the world depends on where you stand

Timbuktu, Mali

• important trading center, and not as dry during 14th C as today
• manuscripts
• largest collection of manuscripts in the world
• oldest universities in Africa and one of the oldest in the world
• 15th C, 25,000 students
• more thinking in town

Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu, Mali (14th C CE)

• not singular design, added over time
• more volume and whole compound is walled
• hyposyle hall inside (designed and inspired by foreign mosques)
• built out of adobe to give density
• not islamic invention, but existed in pre-islamic arch
• hybrid cultural form (indeg and Islamic arch)

Mosque of Djenne, Mali, founded in 13th C (rebuilt in 1908)

• some of most know african architecture
• monument for African Arch
• French influenced rebuilding of Arch
• use old Adobe construction without tools
• mosques connected with markets
• Islamic trade in 10th centry allowed for rise of mercantile capitalism
• rebuilding reflects French architecture because of symmetry, but belief contested
• interior contains pointed arches used in Islamic Architecture
• African construction is cyclical because buildings disentrigate  
• if community doesn't communicate, then the building collapes like community 
• building almost like living creature in society

Madrasas, Cairo (12th-13th C CE)

• big bro of Venice
• close to center of world (or at least important node in network)
• like Venice, if merchant, live in special compound, that way Cairo could control foriegn trade (called a fonduke)
• Quarannic school
• religious and intellectual center
• built by sultans to achieve prestige (ofen burried near school)
• center of education, not seclusion
• mausoleum that creates octogon (tomb of Sultan Qualawon)
• inspired by Dome of the Rock
• Islamic space with Byzantine origin
• Another hybrid culture
• dome became popular in cairo, and sulatas would desire these types
• windows adopted by Gothic churches
• normally Normans took Islam-> Gothic, but here took Gothic->Islam

The Ottoman Empire and Islamic Central Asia Summary (1400-1700 CE)

• Ottoman Empire
• Topkapi Palace
• Suleymaniye Complex
• Central Asia
• Timurids: Samarkand
• Safavids: Isfahan
• Mughal Empire: South
• Fatehpur Sikri
• Taj Mahal

The Ottoman Empire (1300-1566 CE)

• turkish tribes from far East who became Islamic believers in 10th C CE
• after Mongol invasion, people started adopting old cultures, forming renewal of Ottoman Empire
• OE lasted until 1914 (WWI)
• Muslim/Islamic Roman Empire
• byzantines main example
• Constantinople became Istanbul and the center of the Empire
• Most infrastructure in the empire
• grew in a peaceful way and tollerant to other nations 

Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (1459 CE)

• begun shortly after empire took over Istanbul
• emperor palace
• no single, architectural system 
• no axis/single rhythm (not about symmetry)
• different, but not random
• Sultan (ruler of the empire) -> seperation between empire and servants
• the emperor doesn't need to be visible
• unlike the Roman empire in forum
• created sanctity and fear
• like Shin dynasty where had many houses/palaces, so hard to pinpoint exact location
• more like a garden, not necessairly a building

Imperial Gate and Gate of Salutation, Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (1459 CE)

• enterance in whole enclosure 
• place of power
• more inner you go, the more private you are (like Inner Shrine)

Diwan (Council Hall)

• more politically important space of Ottoman empire, but looks weren't too important
• modeled off of a tent, not impressive
• Italian influence with ordered/rhythm with pillars
• the Ottoman Renaissance

Gate of Felicity, Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (1459 CE)

• leads to the court of the emperor
• Sultan greeted visitors at the entrance
• The throne room is also where the visitors consulted with the Sultan

Harem, Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (1459 CE)

• take slaves and people from conquests and traind them to run the empire as administrators
• emperors stopped marrying, and started creating children with their inner court
• domestic space of the emperor where children would live
• choose one child and kill the rest
• a way of freedom
• allowed more opportunities for men and noteably women!
• allowed women to access power to help negaite treaties once on the good side of the emperor
• sense of humanism (slaves and the poor could be cultured) instead of stuck in feudal loop

Suleymaniye Complex, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, architect Mimar Sinan (1559 CE)

• same level as Pallidio and Michaelangelo
• this building was his prized possession
• build over 300 projects
• main architectural goal was to combine Byzantine logic of domes, Armenian stone masonry, and beauty of facades (portal windows)
• complex with mosque, courtyard, kitchen, hospitals, and madrasas (school houses)
• more decorated than the Haga Sophia on the outside
• inner architecture is very balanced and fitted where as HS wasn't as conrolled
• more windows and more volumes to allow more light to flood into the interior than the HS
• entrance is important because allows a direction and guidence into architecture

Safavid and Timurid Empire (1500-1722 CE)

• influenced other cultures because silk road runs right though empire

Bibi Khanum Friday Mosque, Samarkand (the capital), Timurid Empire (1339-1404 CE)

• This was the Rennaissance of Central Asia
• monumental architecture
• mosque with the hypostyle hall
• not a new type, but what is new is the monumentaility of size
• more planned than previous mosque architecture 
• 2o meter tall iwans 
• earliest examples of combining portals with minerets
• become a decorative means
• still serve for prayer, but abundance and scale make a big statement
• towers have bulbless domes, instead stilted
• ceramic tiles cover entire dome
• script and geometry still used as ornamentation
• domes higher because they need to be visible behind grand portals 

City plan of Isfahan, Safavid Empire (16th C CE)

• 1/2 a million people (as large as constantinople)
• modern form of urban planning
• created new Maidan and large bullivard (Chahar Bagh)
• prominent form of monumental architecture

Maiden (main square), Isfahan (16th C CE)

• one of the largest squares in the world
• surrounded by two story building
• intricate landscape design with trees and water
• coincides with the nature theme used in islamic architecture

Masjid-i-Shah Mosque, Isfahan, (16th C CE)

• shift in plan to align quibla to Mecca
• symmetrical mosque
• tiles in architecture like stilted arches in Timurid architecture in Friday Mosque
• muquarnas used in iwans
• pointed arches used in this architecture

Mughal Empire (1556-1707 CE)

• patchwork of regional kingdoms
• united by Babur
• Safavids and Mugals had a lot of contact
• ottomans seen as peripheral
• France saw themselves as center, but lagged behind Ottomans
• So France was a periphery of a periphery

 Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal Empire, (1561-1575 CE)

• Akbar was emperor, and this was one of his buildings
• complex system of palace and mosque
• all courts oriented in a way to allign with Mosque
• Jami Masjid

Diwan-i-Khas, Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal Empire (1561-1575 CE)

• unique building that non really followed after (its own type)
• structure in which all world religions would come together to form universal religion
• singular current religion to combine all faith lives
• idea of creating universal religion shaped building architecture
• form
• almost perfet cube
• solid object not connected to anything
• two stories with central column
• mushroom pillars
• Chhatri located on top, which began in Rajasthan, but traveled into Mughal Empire
• Akbar would sit at top of column in center of building while other leaders were located below
• He would remain euidistant from everyone to remain neutral (reflect universaility)

Jami Masjid (with Buland Darwaza), Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal Empire (1561-1575 CE)

• celebratory architecture with victory arch
• chhatri used along court and became a stable in Mughal architecture
• used in grand monumental buildings
• hallmark of Mughal architecture (non islamic, secular building)
• large front that had to be scaled down to interior court
• strange building (victory arch is larger than the dome over the mihrab)
•   politics are greater than Allah

Rauza-I Munavvara (Taj Mahal), Mughal Empire (1632-1648 CE)

• tomb of Mumtaz Mahal
• emperor Shah Jahan
• 20,000 men worked on building for over 15 years
• undying love reflected in brillance of building
• approxmately 37 men worked on designing structure
• globally collabrative project
• materials also global (marble, sandstone, jade, crystals, obsidian, etc.)
• central plan, 1 dome, 4 minarets
• 4 garden sectors that represents that 4 rivers of paradise
• dome is fake and inaccessable
• horizontal elements subdued where verticles prioritized 
• reaching to heaven
• most important aspects of building
• enclosing volume is equal to the volume of the walls
• white marble outside, but entire building is brick

Ming China and Edo Japan Summary (1500-1700 CE)

• Ming China
• The Forbidden City: axial heirarchy and vast voids (symmetry)
• Suzhou: garden and indirect paths
• Edo Japan
• Shoin Palaces: asymmetry and modularity (asymmetry)
• Zen gardens: Miniature representations of nature

Mongol Empire, Ming China, (13th C CE)

• renewal (political and architectural shifts)
• adopt juang chang principle for Bejing (gridded ctiy)
• Ming=bright
• considered Mongol as invaders, so left Bejing to "rot"
• then returned to rebuild
• destroy city to show we aren't Mongols, to then renovate it centuries later

Trade and Production in Ming China (13th C CE)

• porcelin very important export product
• increasing sea trade network

The Forbidden City (paintd silk picture) (1500 CE)

• surreal experience
• central axis along entire city
• mandate of heaven
• emperor was told by God that he would rule and it was shown in architecture
• a series of more elite spaes (further in, more important)
• axis of emperor was organizing force

Plan of Forbidden City, Bejing, Ming China, (1500 CE)

• Pavillions on an axis
• I shaped platform in the center
• public sequence on the outside of the gates
• beyond Meridian Gate was the main entrence into the city
• people go here to meet emperor
• U shaped gate with 5 grand entrences pained in red
• I shaped structure within gate
• contains Hall of Supreme Harmony
• tallest building in the FC and the seat of the emperor
• the crowd faces north, and he faces south toward the sun
• throne inside of the hall
• on roof, glazed terricota figures (lion, dragon, human ridding chicken, etc.) served to drive away evil
• yellowed color represents imperial sun
• hightest vantage offered a literal vision of the city and a metamorphical vision of the emperor
• has absolute control of the empire
• all of these points show the importance of visualization within the empire and architecture
• Hall of Middle Harmony and Hall of Preserving Harmony located on I as well
• smaller versions to support architecture and symbolism of the Hall of Supreme Harmony
• Beyond Supreme Harmony Halls
• Palace of Heavenly Purity
• residency of the emperor
• serves to sanctify marriage
• Columns
• Dou-gong (bracket system) in capital columns (1100 CE)
• symbolize importance of building
• more elaborate detailing, more important building
• this form of construction older than the Ming Dynasty
• Yingzao Fashi Treatise -> buildings and detailing are all part of a larger structure
• chinese traditional architecture standard approach, but could also be modulated to symbolize important aspects of the architecture (dou-gongs)
• designed to be more expressively and significantly perminent
• other buildings are build to be built again (Djenne mosque), but this architecture was designed to last forever
• Hutongs
• dwelling type around narrow alleyway used in Bejing and the FC for lesser court members of the emperor

Net Master's Garden, Suzhou (13th-17th C CE)

• FC meant to symbolize power and emperor's vision and supremecy
• Suzhou city of retierd scholared officials and merchants
• different way of building and designing space to think about authority
• garden seperated from the house
• retreat from politics of the state and instead used for personal reflection
• represent experiential purpose and never singular itinerary to which to start
• centered around lake, yet can navigate in any desired way
• leave rooms of garden in any order
• hexagional pavilions called "tings"
• walled pavillions to represent seperation from politics
• non hierarchial
• a sequence, but not liner, regimented sequence

Edo Japan

• comparison between palace and garden architecture
• 16th C, after civil war and unrest, Japan became autonomous and united
• Developed fort architecture called tenshoes due to actions of shoguns
• transformed fishing villages of "edo" into center of Japan (now Tokyo)
• trade leads to new world order and assimilation of western thought, but because of isolation, avioided influence from other cultures

Ninomaru Palace, Kyoto (1600 CE)

• shoin palace after isolation edict
• originally, Japanese developed Chinese axial arch, but now palace different from Chinese influences
• no central visual axis
• simple volumes with pitched roofs and unpainted woodwork
• modularity and diagonally styled plan
• created a space from minuplating a single object
• tatami matt was this object
• lay out spaces this way by minuplating matt vertically and horizontally
• removable screens that allow for flexable spaces
• shoguns were the leaders of Japan
• live in back of palace like Chinese architecture to show importance
• weave through sections and corridors to reach different parts of the building
• each corridor had springs to warn transition through spaces (alert when servants or the shogun was arriving or leaving)
• shows contrast between visuals of Ming China and aduitory of Edo Japan
• sound is how space is organized
• visitors arrive in Tozamuri and wait to be directed
• enclosed walls with no view of garden or hallways, yet could hear noises and when someone was coming
• established a hirearchy
• from Tozamuri, enter the Shikidai
• assembly hall to talk to represented second council
• if important enough, enter Ohiromi (reception rooms), more important than the Shikidai
• Shogun sit on upper level with view of island in center of lake (the only person who had visual acces to this place)

Ryoanij, Kyoto, Japan (1480 CE)

• Japanese mainly believed in Shintoism (originally)
• every object had significance or a soul
• Japanese then started to believe more in Zen Buddhism
• focused on your person in relation with nature and a particular emphasis on meditation
• development of gardens for purpose of meditation
• stroll and dry gardens
• bonzii tree to minituarize nature
• economic reason because people were forced to have smaller plots of land because of isolation and because of an increasing population
• culture of smaller gardens as means of meditation
• Dry Garden
• gravel raked in East and West direction
• randomized nature that was very orderly
• gravel raked around circumference of rock, like pebble thrown in water
• can analyze all day, but representation not as importat as significance that garden allowed for meditation

Katsura Rikyu, Kyoto, Japan (1620-1660 CE)

• architecture focused on this tea house, became a staple activity in this culture
• one moment, one meeting
• focus on present, not past and future
• Zen practice developed around this culture and activity
• don't worry and focus on present
• Tea house
• small, reverant spaces
• tatami mats still used
• rustic arch
• not painted wood
• logs of wood (not cut/polished)
• wooden posts rested on uncut and flat stones
• opposite of dou-gong because no joining elements/establishment of hirearchy
• vertical screens are the modual while tatami mats horizontal
• architecture designed to create intense landscape
• seen through steping stones
• follow these steps, aware not only where you are walking but that you are walking
• intensify the act of walking itself and can increase the act of meditation
• symbolize the "stroll" in a random method, much like the randomness and non-linearity of life