Term
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Definition
1 Geography
2 Climate
3 Biomass |
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Term
| Natural Environmental Change |
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Definition
1 Climatic Cycles
2 Geological Processes
3 Climatic Events |
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Term
| Paleo-Environmental Reconstructions |
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Definition
| provide data to archaeological interpretations and current understandings concerning climate variability, surface temperature, landscape etc... |
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Term
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Definition
| as glaciers retreat they leave behind frozen human remains and artifacts |
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Term
| Anthropogenic Landscape Change |
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Definition
1 deforestation
2 burning
3 landscape manipulation
4 introduced specie
5 soil depletion
6 water pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic El Nino event led to westerlies for sailing with the wind; caused drought in homelands which prompted migration |
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Term
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Definition
| initial over-hunting of megafauna caused changes in vegetation eventually leading to mass extinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of fossilized pollen; can determine local vegetation and climate |
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Term
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Definition
| study of fossilized plant material pertaining to both human activity and deposition via natural processes--direct evidence for local vegetation, agriculture and climate |
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Term
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Definition
| ancient soil that has become buried; development is a long period of surface stability--record environmental change as well as vegetation patterns and climate |
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Term
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Definition
Eric Higgs, Laudio Vita-Finzi
Relationship of archaeological sites to surrounding resources; concentric walking distances or other transport distances. |
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Term
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Definition
| provide direct insight into site formation and environment, stratigraphic analysis of sediment provide evidence of changing site environments |
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Term
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
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Definition
| data storage software system where environmental and archaeological data is stored in layers--manipulation yields correlative relationships between data sets |
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Term
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Definition
Polynesian settlement 1200 AD
adaption and flourishing culture
deforestation and soil depletion
overpopulation, warfare, and eventual collapse
analogue for contemporary world |
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Term
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Definition
The relationship between human activity and environment (food)
Includes technology employed as well as social, political and cultural implications |
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Term
| Four generalized subsistence patterns |
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Definition
1 Hunters and gatherers
2 Horticulturalists
3 Pastoralists
4 Intensive Agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
dominant subsistence strategy throughout human history
nomadic to semi-nomadic subsistence economy
regulated by availability of resources in specific locations and times
low population density
little permanent infrastructure
high levels of reciprocity
Leadership achieved not ascribed |
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Term
| Generalized Hunting and Gathering |
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Definition
forage wide variety of resources in expansive range
small dispersed working parties
low food storage and preservation
resource failure in one offset by others |
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Term
| Specialized Hunting and Gathering |
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Definition
intensively exploits one or a small number of resources
foraging and hunting rage focused around a capture locale
large organized workforce
high food preservation and storage
resource failure leads to food stress |
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Term
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Definition
societies with specialized forms of husbandry based on herding
herded animals exploited for variety of goods: meat, milk, hides
tend to be nomadic
may combine herding with hunting/farming/gathering/fishing but dominant economy is herding which affects group sociality and settlement |
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Term
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Definition
form of farming that generates low yield per acre crop
typically supplemented with animal husbandry, foraging, fishing and hunting
swidden agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
full understanding of soil and water in production
developed technologies such as fertilization, terracing and irrigation
labour intensive
surpluses, redistribution, trade and accumulated wealth
some husbandry but limited hunting and gathering |
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Term
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Definition
| hydraulic hypothesis for the rise of civilization -- Egypt, China, Mesopotamia, India, Mexico and Peru |
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Term
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Definition
study of animal remains
shellfish from archaeological sites
concerned not just with identification but quantification |
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Term
| Minimum number of Individuals (MNI) |
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Definition
| Comparative analysis of species contribution to diet is done through MNI |
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Term
| What can a Zooarchaeologist tell us? |
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Definition
seasonality of animal use
differential use of animal parts
long term subsistence change and human impacts on wildlife
food stress, social inequality,ritual, animal domestication |
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Term
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Definition
migratory route of herding animals
annual cycle of antler growth
growth rings on shells
microfaunal indicators |
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Term
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Definition
| Subsistence Archaeology on a Tucon Trash Truck |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by social relations, nature of leadership and economic relations |
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Term
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Definition
Progressive stages with psychic unity.
cultures both past and present can be categorized |
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Term
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Definition
Individual histories and adaptations
like causes can generate different effects and vice versa |
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Term
| 4 classifications of societies |
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Definition
1 Mobile Hunters and Gatherers
2 Segmentary societies or Tribes
3 Chiefdoms
4 States |
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Term
| Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Groups |
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Definition
way of life for 99.7% of peoples for last 2 million years
<100 individuals
egalitarian, informal leadership
hunting, fishing and gathering economy
Temporary camps and shelters
shaman religion |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediaries between human and supernatural world; doctors and religious leaders |
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Term
| Segmentary Societies or Tribes |
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Definition
small autonomous groups who may join to form tribes
<1000 people
segmentary society, transegalitarian
settled farmers, pastoralists and fishers
Permanent villages
religious elders, ancestral worship |
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Term
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Definition
complex society with varying degrees of centralization led by hereditary leader
5K to 20K ppl
Kinship baed on hereditary leader
Central accumulation based economy with redistribution and craft specialists
permanent villages, fortified and ritual centers
monumental architecture
chiefly divinity, priests and shamans |
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Term
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Definition
a single chambered megalithic tomb
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Term
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Definition
Socio-political unit with bounded territory, centralized government, military and market economy
20K+ ppl
class based hierarchy under hereditary ruler
tribute based economy with market system
urban settlements with roads
religion with priesthood |
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Term
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Definition
| goods and services exchanged freely as central component of economy, facilitated with currency |
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Term
| Cautions for Archaeological Interpretation of classification of societies |
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Definition
oversimplifies range of possible social systems
implies linear development of cultures
links social systems to subsistence patterns which biases theories |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed that Civilization is based on primary and secondary characteristics |
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Term
| Primary Characteristics of civilization |
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Definition
1 Settlement in cities
2 Labour specialization
3 Concentration of surpluses
4 Class Structure
5 State-level organization |
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Term
| Secondary Characteristics of Civilization |
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Definition
1 Monumental public works
2 long distance trade
3 standardized art and writing
4 Developed sciences, geometry, astronomy, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
| The way society structures itself internally and the patterns of interaction between different groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the size, structure and distribution of human populations in space and time |
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Term
| Egalitarian or Ranked Society |
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Definition
achieved versus ascribed status
differential treatment of dead
differential distribution of goods |
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Term
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Definition
| relation by both descent and marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis that matrilocal residences leads to homogeneity in ceramic styles with distinct difference between matrilines. ie direct transmission of pottery designs from mother to daughter |
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Term
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Definition
powerful uniting chief buried on Retoka Island Vanauatu.
on death was buried with couples from different villages--represented unity |
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Term
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Definition
| The spatial distribution of archaeological remains as they are organized on a landscape (within settlement or household) |
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Term
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Definition
| studied settlement patterns in 1950s Viru Valley Peru |
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Term
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Definition
| 1930s geographer that coined Central Place Theory |
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Term
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Definition
uniform landscape settlements are regularly spaced
central places of same size and nature are equidistant to each other with secondary and satellite communities distributed among entire site |
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Term
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Definition
| Maya lowland settlement analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| study of archaeological remains as they pertain to social, economic and political roles of the domestic household. |
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Term
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Definition
| goods for everyday tasks, knowledge is general, produced by majority of households |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive valuables, may be restricted by scarcity of raw materials |
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Term
| Craft Specialization Correlates |
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Definition
specialized production areas and tools
storage for finished product
resource specific exploitation
dispersed distribution of product
product found within and external to group |
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Term
| Family based intermittent craft production |
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Definition
discontinuous or periodic crafting by individual households
typical of vast majority of ancient societies
generational transmission of knowledge
localized transfer of surplus |
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Term
| Underlying basis for trade |
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Definition
Altruistic gifts
commodity acquisition
prestige good acquisition
group networking and relations
banking |
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Term
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Definition
postulated 3 types of reciprocity
Positive - sharing
Neutral - equal tradeoff
Negative - barter/banking |
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Term
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Definition
movement of resources to a central place for rulers for allocation
structured and complex relationships
found in chiefdoms and states |
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Term
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Definition
exchange through bartering and presentation of goods in a central locale
standardization of value
currency
stable predictable supplies of goods
large population and economic complexity |
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Term
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Definition
examines minerals and microstructures in ceramic composition via the use of a polarizing light microscope
tracks pottery movement and morphological change over time |
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Term
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Definition
| abundance and distribution of traded materials over distance from the source reflects patterns of trade |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic unit extending beyond the boundaries of individual states linked together by trade networks |
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Term
| Economic explanations for warfare |
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Definition
| overpopulation, resource stress and capture |
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Term
| Social/Ideological explanations for warfare |
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Definition
| power/prestige, competing ethnicities/ideologies and revenge |
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Term
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Definition
1 Mobiliary Art
2 Parietal Art
3 Figurative Art
4 Nonfigurative Art |
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Term
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Definition
a doctrine or belief system that guide and justifies a society's aspirations and actions
framed by religious, social, economic or political precepts |
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Term
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Definition
reflect ideology and incorporate meanings or regulate behaviors supportive of it through nonverbal communication
used to establish place, organize and regulate relations within group and with supernatural world |
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Term
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Definition
100BC to 650 AD
largest city in western hemisphere with 100K pop.
well planned settlement layout, ideologically structured (cosmogram) |
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Term
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Definition
| set of rituals, rationalized by myth, which employ supernatural forces to intervene in everyday human affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| system of patterned actions in response to religious belief |
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Term
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Definition
5100-3100 BP megalithic structure in Salisbury Plain, England
Abundant burials in region
Ritual, territorial, cult center
astronomical observatory |
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Term
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Definition
| testable model of the manner of interaction of a set of natural phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
logical
adequately describes large class of observations
can make definite predictions on future and past observations |
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Term
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Definition
recognizes individual culture as unique
culture specifics
cultures explained only through reference to individual circumstance |
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Term
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Definition
based on physical sciences
comparative analysis used to find common relationships then to predict |
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Term
| Four Temporal Stages of Archaeological Theory |
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Definition
1 Unilinear Evolution
2 Culture History
3 Processual Theory
4 Post Processual Theory |
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Term
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Definition
Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan
science of universal history based on unity of all mankind
Deeply ethnocentric with western civilization valued most |
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Term
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Definition
Comprehensive systematics and advanced methods used to analyse change in artefacts
emphasis on neolithic and later vs palaeolithic |
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Term
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Definition
Lewis Binford
human behavior guided by underlying processes
uses cross cultural comparisons to discover laws
but cultures were not homeostatic and stimuli within could bring change |
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Term
| Post Pleistocene Adaptations |
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Definition
explain processes behind agricultural origin
genetic selection of plant traits
agriculture increased carrying capacity of regions |
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Term
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Definition
see data through a cloud of theory
objective archaeology impossible due to subjective observations
several theories combined including critical theory, structuralism, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Archaeology, Ivory for the Sea Woman
differential use of antler, ivory and bone
symbolic reproduction of ideology in material culture |
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Term
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Definition
biases in archaeological interpretation
misrepresented pasts
Plantation Archaeology and Slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| Outlining both the methods of interpretation and subjective analysis of archaeological data |
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Term
| Archaeological Resource Management |
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Definition
| an expanding subfield of archaeology pertaining to site preservation or destruction based on competing values |
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Term
| Four Principles of Archaeological Resource Management |
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Definition
1 A threatened Past
2 Heritage values
3 Management
4 Legislation |
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