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| drawing that shows a horizontal view |
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| represents a vertical plane cut through the object (building) |
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| a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of a façade |
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| the exterior of a building on one of its main sides, almost always containing an entrance |
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| specialized ruler used to facilitate the drafting and measuring of architectural drawings |
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| horizontal beam or slab spanning an opening, called an architrave in classical architecture |
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| structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending |
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| large upright standing stone |
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| natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straws, manure, etc…) |
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| Lakota name for a conical tent traditionally made of animal skin and wooden sticks |
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| type of long, proportionally narrow, single-room building |
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| in ancient Egypt architecture, a flat-topped tomb with sloping sides, the forerunner of the pyramid |
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| regular solid with a square base and sides sloping inwards to meet at a point |
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| ancient Egyptian monumental gateway, usually composed of two masses of masonry with sloping sides |
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| a vertical plane through the whole building separating the building into two parts symmetrically, or in such a way that they balance one other |
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| a circular pillar, a cylindrical support for part of a building. Also erected singly as a monument |
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| The upper part of a column |
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| a hall or large enclosed space in which the (usually flat) roof rests on columns throughout, not just along the sides |
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| carving on a surface so that figures and object are raised against a background. High relief is deeply cut, low relief is shallower |
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| ancient Egyptian writing system |
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| stepped pyramid supporting an altar or temple, built in ancient Mesopotamia and Mexico |
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| one of the earliest known form of written expression. documents were written on clay tablets, by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform ("wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus, meaning "wedge") |
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| deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that surrounds a castle, other building or town, historically a sewage passage for the castle waste, which caused great disease. In some places evolved into more extensive water defences |
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| strictly, painting applied to a wall while the plaster is still wet. Sometimes loosely used of any mural painting |
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| an enclosed area, often a space enclosed by a building that is open to the sky |
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| The citadel of a Greek city, where the temple of the patron deity was usually built, means high city |
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| the principal hall of a Minoan or Homeric house |
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| Having a recessed portico with a row of columns between the antae, as in some Greek temples. |
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| Carnac, France. Stone Lines. C. 4500 BCE |
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• Order isn’t apparent close up
• Parallel lines stretching over a mile is visible from above
• 3,000 menhir
• prehistoric stones |
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| Stonehenge, England. 2950-1500 BCE |
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• Trilithon construction, three stones
• Mortise and tenon joints join the trilithons
• System called postalynthl |
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• Thick walls, flat roofs used also as upper floors, and small openings
• Earth materials which helps store heat; cool during the day, and warm at night; good compression strength
• Ladders on roofs for transportation
• Southwest us desert
o Adobe
o House absob heat during day to keep warm at night
o Mudbricks coverd in clay |
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stick construction – wood, longhouse
• Stick of air materials : light and portable; strong in tension but not in compression
• Tipis and tents used by nomadic/semi cultures
• Northwest us: cedar wood creates framed buildings; more permanent
• The Haida believe their buildings should go back to the earth |
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wood and thatch
• Rock platform and wood frame
• Sloped roof with thatched dried plants which sheds rain
• Roof is sewn like textile
• Primitive, vernacular |
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| St. Francis de Asis, Taos, NM |
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| Thorncrown Chapel, Eureka Springs, AR |
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Step pyramid and mortuary temple of Zoser 2600 BCE
• Mortuary architecture; built to last forever
• Temple complex of King zoser
• Zoser ruled over upper and lower Egypt
• Mastaba: bench shaped tomb structure which is the model for zoser’s monumental pyramid
• Built of stone; it has survived to this day after construction
• Plan: pyramid enciricled by other tombs, temples, and chapels within a perimeter wall
o Represents of a reflection of the kingdom
o He was buried underground for protection
• Designed by Imhotep: physician, poet, and priest, first known architect
o Shap geometric forms are an important element in Egyptian architecture to reflect stark opposites (sun/shade, day/night/dry wet season)
• Egyptian architecture represents this cosmic polarity
o Saqqara-papyrus column capitals
• Water loving plan; symbol of Egypt
• Mastaba stacked on each other
o Bench shaped structure w/ tomb
• Dead ends to veer robbers away from tomb
• Used to have wall around |
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Pyramids 2500 BCE
• Tombs of pharaohs
• Tallest one is nearly 500 ft
• Section: pyramids are solid, with almost no interior space
o Entrance to tomb is part way up the side
o Tomb entrance originally hidden
o Some evidence of ramps
• Tomb cell was hidden to deter grave robbers
• How it was built
o Built on huge platforms leveled with great exactitude
o Construction required many years and workers
• Slave laborers; recent studies claim it was farm laborers during flood season when farming wasn’t possible
o Ramps of some form were likely used constructed on the exterior
o 6 million tons of material; 2.3 million blocks of stone
o largest stone structure in the world
o a causeway (elevated ramp) connected to the pyramids to the river and a mortuary temple |
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Temple of Ammon 1530-1100 BCE
• Ammon, sun god
• Axial organization of pylons, courtyards, and hypostyle halls, symmetrical
• Solar alignment
• An axis organizes the plan
• Ram reinforce the axial alignment
• A strict axis governs the plan
o In section: spaces change height from high to low
o Hypostyle hall: dark , enclosed with many columns covered with relief hieroglyphs
Deir-el-Bahri: Temple Tomb of Queen Hatshepsut 1400 BCE
• Built into cliffs off river
• Linear on axis
• Has ramps, gates, courts/brought in trees
Abu Simbel: Temple of Ramses 1250 BCE
• Called Rames the Great because of his success at war and general prosperity of Egypt at that time
• Carved entirely out of a cliff wall
• Axial way to the sacutary a path tunneled in the cliff |
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: Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
• Mesopotamia was a fertile farming area
o Meso= middle, Potamia= river land
o Local conditions determined construction practices
o No local wood or stone for building
o Mud bricks were primary building material
• Geography allowed for trade and communication but also political friction and war
• Earliest abstract writing around 3100 BCE
o Cuneiform: “wedge shaped |
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walled city and Ziggurat 2400-2000 BCE
• Empire of Ur
o Built and rebult over 200 years
o Temple precinct with ziggurat and royal palace
o Walled city – signifies city was defendable against enemies
o Earliest settlement 4000 bce
o Ur was built and rebuilt over 2000 years
o Babylonian King Nebuhcadnezzar built the exterior wal in the 6th c BCE
o Ziggurat is from the oldest period ~2400 BCE
• Built of sunbaked brick |
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: Ziggurat (Tower of Babel), Hanging Gardens, Ishtar Gate 1600-1100 BCE, 700-500 BCE
• On Euphrates River
• Two periods 30000 BCE and 8th-6th c BCE
• Walled town with moat that was filled by river
o More durable since it was faired and glazed
• Ishtar Gate: main decorated gate wall
o Named for goddess of war
• Tower of Babel= ziggurat
• Hanging gardens
o One of 7 wonders of the ancient world
o Very advanced technology for time period
o Babylon: temple precinct of Marduk, patron god of Babylon, with zigguarat called tower of babel |
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: Minoan Civilization Palace at Knossos 1900-1400 BCE
• Crete: island in the Aegean sea
• Its art celebrates fertility and beauty
• The isolation mean the culture was not war like
o Water is element of protection
• Legend of Minotaur, a monster kept in a labyrinth
• Palace of Minos at Knossos was built on terraces on steep hillside
o All building came together to form a single residence
o Acted as a capital city
o Water formed the architecture
o Plan: oriented around a central courtyard open space
• Complexity might be the mabyrinth of myth
o Sloped site required terraces
o Interior also reveals complex multi level organization
o Drainage system/extensive storage
o Mild climate meant little exterior wall
o Queen’s megaron – a throne room
• Frescoes of dolphins and rosetes ornament the walls
o Kings megaron/throne room
• Frescoes of plants and griffons (head of eagle, body of lion)
o The palace courtyard used as a central, focal space for ceremony
o Later Greek myth of Europe and the Bull
• Zeus as the bull |
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acropolis, Lion Gate, cyclopean walls, megaron c.1500 BCE
o Mycenaeans were warriors
• Their war-like civilization that required fortified architecture
• The Iliad of Homer is the story of the Trojan War between the Greeks and The Trojans
o Myenae: a powerfully fortified city on a hilltop called an acropolis (high city)
• Fortifications built with enormous blocks thought to be built by giants
• Called cyclopean walls
• Kings audience hall= megaron (throne room)
• Most protected place in the acropolis
• Portals and passageways constructed of corbelled arches
• Foundation of the classical Greek world
• Mycenae: Lion gate |
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o Acropolis with walls and guard towers
o Plan of acropolis shows megaron
• Two columns in antis
o Mycenaean world became foundation of classic greek world |
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