Term
| The two earliest species of Homo |
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Definition
| Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis |
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Term
| How does Homo habilis differ from Homo rudolfensis |
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Definition
| Rudolfensis has larger brain, larger cheek teeth, smaller brow ridge and longer flatter face |
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Term
| Where in Africa did Homo habilis fossils originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in Africa did Homo rudolfensis fossils originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three characteristics distinctive of Homo sapien ancestors |
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Definition
1 expanded cranial capacity
2 smaller teeth
3 more advanced precision grip |
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Term
| what is a major issue concerning the taxonomic designation of homo rudolfensis |
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Definition
| no postcranial remains present, therefore unable to to determine if differential features attributed to a larger body size |
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Term
| State the major hypotheses explaining large brain size and strong encephalization |
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Definition
1 Large brain provided adaptive advantage over environment and competing species
2 Increased reliance on social interaction
3 Language |
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Term
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Definition
Ratio of brain size to body mass
more informative about intelligence than raw brain size |
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Term
| State the 5 major hypotheses explaining bipedalism |
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Definition
1 tool use
2 Male provisioning females
3 Feeding posture
4 Thermoregulation
5 Efficiency of Locomotion |
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Term
| State the 2 hypotheses explaining reduced hair coverage |
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Definition
1 Transpiration in hot African environment
2 Invention of clothing |
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Term
| The role of hunting on human evolutionary past (3) |
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Definition
1 Bipedalism freed hands for tool use
2 Encephalization resulted as need for increased cooperation and communication
3 Expensive tissue hypothesis |
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Term
| What types of data support the role of hunting in human evolutionary past (8) |
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Definition
1 reduced canines
2 food sharing
3 division of labour
4 nuclear family
5 constant sexual receptiveness in females
6 Language
7 Territoriality
8 Increased Hominin body size |
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Term
| When and where did Homo erectus first appear |
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Definition
| Africa, 2 million years ago |
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Term
| What are the basic cranial and post-cranial characteristics of Homo erectus? (6) |
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Definition
1 thick cortical bone
2 thick cranial bone
3 taurodontism
4 postorbital constriction
5 heavy brow ridge
6 alveolar prognatism |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged pulp cavity in molars |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site with the earliest evidence of Homo erectus leaving Africa? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Homo erectus leave Africa? |
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Definition
| 1.8 million years ago to Europe and Asia |
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Term
| How did Homo erectus cross water boundaries? |
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Definition
Lower sea levels permitted terrestrial movement
accidental rafting |
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Term
| Who is Homo Floresiensis? |
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Definition
| Hominin species found on the island of Flores characterized by small stature |
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Term
| What are the basic cultural chronologies of Africa and Eurasia? |
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Definition
In Africa: Late, Middle and Upper Stone age
In Eurasia: Late, Middle and Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic |
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Term
| What are the five major stage in the evolution of stone tools? |
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Definition
1 Oldowan Technology
2 Acheulian Technology
3 Prepared Core Technology
4 Blade Technology
5 Microlith Technology |
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Term
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Definition
simple chopping tools and sharp unmodified flakes
crude handaxes later |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Levallois technology of removing flakes in systematic manner |
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Term
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Definition
| Long narrow blade with cutting edges |
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Term
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Definition
| small blades used to form composite tools |
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Term
| What are the advantages provided by prepared core technology? (4) |
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Definition
1 standardization of product
2 specific shaped product like narrow blades and points
3 increased economical use of stone
4 versatility |
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Term
| What are other general categories of material culture associated with hunter gatherer adaptations? (6) |
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Definition
1 container technology
2 cordage
3 clothing
4 wood
5 bone
6 structures |
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Term
| What are three of the oldest known sites of hominin remains found in europe? |
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Definition
1 Orce, Spain
2 Ceprano, Italy
3 Gran Dolina and Sima del Elefante, Spain |
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Term
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Definition
| change in polarity of earth throughout history allows for accurate dating of iron found in sites |
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Term
| What can be learned from the remains at Sima de los Huesos? (5) |
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Definition
1 large number of bones suggests humans traversed area
2 odd age profile suggests funeral ritual
3 right handedness implies brain structure
4 wear on teeth indicates use as tools and care
5 enamel hypoplasia indicates nutritional stress |
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Term
| What was the general skeletal morphology of Neandertals like? |
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Definition
| Similar to modern humans but more robust with larger muscles |
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Term
| What are four things we know for sure about Neandertals? |
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Definition
1 they evolved in europe from Homo erectus
2 they rarely left europe
3 disappeared 30,000 years ago
4 are not ancestors of modern humans |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of AMH? (8) |
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Definition
1 rounded cranial vault
2 vertical forehead
3 no brow ridge
4 flat face
5 pointy chin
6 tallest homonin
7 more slender
8 cylindrical rib cage |
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Term
| What are the 3 early AMH sites? |
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Definition
1 Florisbad/Klasie River, SA
2 Omo Kibish/Herto Bouri, Ethiopia
3 Jebel Irhoud, Morocco |
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Term
| What are the 2 later AMH sites? |
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Definition
1 Cro-Magnon, France
2 Qafzeh/Mount Carmel sites, Israel |
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Term
| What are the implications of adjacent Neandertal and AMH discovered in Israel? (3) |
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Definition
1 coexisted and used same sites
2 exchanged genes
3 used similar tools, cognitive ability |
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Term
| Complete Replacement or Out of Africa Hypothesis |
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Definition
1 AMH evolved 250K to 500K BP in Africa
2 spread after 100K
3 between 50K and 30K replaced all other hominin species
4 can trace DNA to single woman |
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Term
| Regional Continuity Hypothesis |
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Definition
1 AMH evolved in multiple regions
2 Constant gene flow between groups
3 mixture of ancient, local, and new genes in population |
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Term
| Evidence for Complete Replacement Hypothesis (4) |
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Definition
1 low genetic variation
2 more random mutation in Africans
3 change in material culture appear earliest in Africa
4 Neandertal mtDNA suggests minimal interbreeding |
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Term
| Evidence for Regional Continuity (4) |
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Definition
1 visible similarities between Europe and Asia populations
2 Persistence of non-adaptive traits
3 not all data shows bottleneck
4 Neandertal hybrids |
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Term
| Problems with Out of Africa hypothesis |
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Definition
| mutation rates in DNA and mtDNA do not support a single migration out of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| presumed races had own distinct behavior and appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiated races based on cranial shape |
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Term
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Definition
| developed cephalic index to differentiate races |
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Term
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Definition
| presumed 3 dominant racial types with ancient origins |
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Term
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Definition
| most recent version of 5 race division of humans |
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Term
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Definition
| misconception that culture evolves like an organism, towards perfection |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that cultural variation is inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| selective breeding in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Different human groups are characterized by distinct traits, and so, can be divided |
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Term
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Definition
| no genetic basis, visible differences attributed to minor genetic variation compared to majority of variation |
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Term
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Definition
| Human evolution is a product of both culture and environment -- lactose intolerance, sickle-cell anemia |
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Term
| What are the various stages that human adaptation can occur? (3) |
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Definition
1 Short term responses to environmental change - sweating/goosebumps
2 Short term adaptive changes -- melanin/hemoglobin production
3 Long term major physiological change -- skin colour/body length |
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