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| the last chronologically of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. |
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| acanthus is one of the commonest plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration. In Ancient Greek architecture acanthus ornament appears extensively in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and applied to friezes, dentils, and other decorated areas |
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| Using arches for structural support, in contrast to trabeated, which uses posts and lintels (Stonehenge) |
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| a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight below it. |
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| the modern term given to those representations of male youths which first appear in the Archaic period in Greece. |
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| in architecture, an arbitrary unit adopted to regulate the dimensions, proportions, or construction of the parts of a building. |
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| an ancient temple with no roof. |
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| the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a masonry vault or arch, which is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch to bear weight. |
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| An architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof. |
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| a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch or vault. Although each unit in an arch or vault is a voussoir, two units are of distinct functional importance: the keystone and the springer. |
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| barrel vault (tunnel vault): |
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| the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another. It is a form of barrel roof. |
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| groin vault (cross vault): |
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| produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. |
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| an architectural feature that contrasts in texture with the smoothly finished, squared block masonry surfaces called ashlar. Rusticated masonry is usually squared-off but left with a more or less rough outer surface and wide joints that emphasize the edges of each block. |
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| a succession of arches, each counter thrusting the next, supported by columns or piers, or a covered walk enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. |
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| one with free standing columns in the front (colonnaded portico), but the columns along the sides are engaged in the peripheral walls of the building. |
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| eye, denotes a circular opening in the centre of a dome or in a wall |
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| a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. |
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| an element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere |
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| a composite material composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. |
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| it was the Romans that eventually fully developed the potential of lime-pozzolan pastes as binder phase in Roman concrete used for buildings and underwater construction. |
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| was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire. I.E: Circus Maximus |
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| or band course is a thin projecting course of brickwork or stone that runs horizontally around a building, typically to emphasize the junction between floors, or just below the eaves |
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| The Tuscan order has a very plain design, with a plain shaft, and a simple capital, base, and frieze. It is a simplified adaptation of the Doric order by the Romans. The Tuscan order is characterized by an unfluted shaft and a capital that only consists of an echinus and an abacus. |
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| lime, sand, water, and pozzolana |
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| Buildings or plots of land reserved for or constructed for use as a military defensive position. |
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| open courtyard, where one could exercise or sunbathe; most Romans were in the nude |
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| the warm (tepidus) bathroom of the Roman baths heated by a hypocaust or underfloor heating system |
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| a large cold pool of Roman baths. It would be entered after the Caldarium and the Tepidarium, which were used to open the pores of the skin |
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| a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex. |
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| the primary entry in the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing. |
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| an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating, used to heat houses with hot air. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called pilae stacks, with a layer of tiles, then a layer of concrete then another of tiles on top; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room |
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| a kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs) and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the equites). |
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| a public square in a Roman municipium, or any civitas, reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls |
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| a room generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear on to the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. Most formal of the 3 public spaces of a house, similar to a living room. |
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| a large open space located within a building. Atria were a common feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light and ventilation to the interior |
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| a lobby, entrance hall, or passage between the entrance and the interior of a building |
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| has three distinct applications in modern English. The word was originally used to describe an open, Roman, public court building |
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| used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function |
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| an architectural device, typically carved in stone and employed decoratively to emphasize the apex of a gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure |
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| a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. The composite order volutes are larger, however, and the composite order also has echinus molding with egg-and-dart ornamentation between the volutes. |
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| PEDIMENT: A pediment is an element in classical, neoclassical and baroque architecture, and derivatives therefrom, consisting of a gable, originally of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature, typically supported by columns. BROKEN PEDIMENT: In the broken pediment the raking cornice is left open at the apex |
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| a semicircular recess or plinth, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is sometimes set into a building's facade |
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| Hiram Bingham (rediscovered Machu Picchi, 1911): |
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| made public the existence of the Quechua citadel of Machu Picchu in 1911 with the guidance of local indigenous farmers |
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| the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 BCE to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley |
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| the ruler(s) of the Kingdom of Cusco and later, the Emperor of the Inca Empire |
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| a ritual stone in South America associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca |
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| Basic courtyard made up of 3-4 buildings surrounding a space. |
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| A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. |
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| The Toltec culture is an archaeological Mesoamerican culture that dominated a state centered in Tula, in the early post-classic period of Mesoamerican chronology (ca 8001000 CE). The later Aztec culture saw the Toltecs as their intellectual and cultural predecessors and described Toltec culture emanating from Tollan ['to?l?a?n] (Nahuatl for Tula) as the epitome of civilization; indeed in the Nahuatl language the word "Toltecatl" [to?l'te?kat??] (singular) or "Toltecah" [to?l'te?ka?] (plural) came to take on the meaning "artisan". |
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| a support sculpted in the form of a man, which may take the place of a column, a pier or a pilaster. |
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| a nontheistic religion that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha, meaning "the awakened one" |
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| (Architecture): The period of Angkor is the period from approximately the latter half of the 8th century AD to the first half of the 15th century. |
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| After Buddhism. Hindu architecture starts around 4th century CE after Buddhism gets started to be exported. |
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| a mound-like or semi-hemispherical structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of Buddhist monks, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation. |
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| a Buddhist shrine including a stupa. |
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| referred to "dwellings" or "refuges" used by wandering monks during the rainy season AKA dormitories |
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| a type of gateway seen in the Hindu and Buddhist architecture of the Indian subcontinent AKA entrance/gate to a stupa |
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| a place for walking; is the covered passage around a cloister. |
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| Keep your right hand to the inside (walk clockwise) and as you move around, you perform pradakshina, a ritualized prayer in motion. |
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| Multiplied balusters together to make up the ambulatory railing. |
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| Makes up the railing for the ambulatory around the stupas. |
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| The Methods and Design of Architecture (1103); author. |
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| a wall with gaps made by battlements |
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| a defensive architecture that has rectangular gaps in intervals to allow defenders on the wall to attack with projectiles |
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| a tiered tower built in the traditions originating in historic East Asia |
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| unpaid labour imposed by the state on certain classes of people, such as peasants, for the performance of work on public projects. |
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| a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope. Thus it is a house with no gables or other vertical sides to the roof. |
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| the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure. |
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| cantilever in dougong bracket system |
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| block in dougong bracket system |
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| bracket arm in dougong bracket system |
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| any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate |
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| is the indigenous spirituality of Japan and the people of Japan. |
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| a traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks the transition from the profane to the sacred |
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| picturesque massing and composition: |
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| balance of a building not through bilateral symmetry but through mass (balancing on a weight scale). |
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| A mortise is a cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon. The tenon joint fills the cavity. Used to join pieces of wood. |
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| a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms. Traditionally made of rice straw to form the core (though nowadays sometimes the core is composed of compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam), with a covering of woven soft rush (igusa) straw |
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