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ARC 318K - Midterm 1 - Terms
Dr. Christopher Long, Spring 2014
105
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
02/12/2014

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Term
Paleolithic:
Definition
Prehistoric period in human history from 2.6 million years to 10,000 B.C.E.
Term
tensile frame:
Definition
construction carrying only tension, no compression or bending
Term
plan:
Definition
top down written/graphic descriptions of architectural elements for a site/building.
Term
section:
Definition
cut-through view; shows organization and interior
Term
longitudinal section:
Definition
cut from top to bottom
Term
cross section:
Definition
vertical plane cut through the object, viewing the object from the side
Term
elevation:
Definition
view of a building seen from one side
Term
volume:
Definition
equivalent to mass
Term
compression frame:
Definition
opposite of tensile frame, trabeated (2 piers + 1 lintel) is an example
Term
site plan:
Definition
shows whole context of building/site; specific time of plan
Term
perspective:
Definition
approximate representation on a flat surface of an image, perceived by one’s eye
Term
isometric:
Definition
It is an axonometric projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles between any two of them are 120 degrees.
Term
axonometric:
Definition
"Axonometric" means "to measure along axes".
Term
Perikles:
Definition
most prominent Greeks statement, general of Athens
Term
auditorium:
Definition
room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances
Term
orchestra:
Definition
bottom of the theater, the simple circular space
Term
cavea:
Definition
the seating sections
Term
skene:
Definition
where props/costumes were held, behind the proscenium and orchestra
Term
propylaia:
Definition
any monumental gateway that serves as an entrance, also an actual site in Acropolis in Athens
Term
temenos:
Definition
piece of land cut off and assigned as an official domain, especially to kings and chiefs, or a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a god, a sanctuary,holy grove or holy precinct:
Term
agora:
Definition
central spot in ancient Greek city-states, stands for “gathering place/assembly”
Term
stoa:
Definition
covered walkway or porticos, usually for public use
Term
portico:
Definition
a porch leading to the entrance of a building with a roof over a walkway
Term
bouleuterion:
Definition
building in which the city council met in ancient Greece
Term
proscenium:
Definition
area of theater surrounding the stage opening
Term
porch:
Definition
external to the walls of the main building proper
Term
caryatid:
Definition
sculpted female figure taking place of a column
Term
amphitheater:
Definition
open-air venue used for entertainment
Term
mosaic:
Definition
art of creating iamges with small pieces of colored glass, stone, etc
Term
entasis:
Definition
“bulge” in columns, formally the application of a convex curve to a surface
Term
Ionians:
Definition
Major tribe that created the second Greek architecture style (Ionic, Temple of Artemis).
Term
Dorians:
Definition
Major tribe credited for the 1st Greek architecture style (Doric).
Term
Arthur Evans:
Definition
archaeologist famous for unearthing the Palace of Minos at Knossos (Crete)
Term
Heinrich Schliemann:
Definition
famous for excavating Hisarlik, known to be the site of Troy
Term
Hittites:
Definition
ancient people established around 1600 BC, occupied city of Hattusas
Term
Mycenaean:
Definition
Refers to the city of Mycenae in south Greece.
Term
Minoan:
Definition
Greek civilization on the island of Crete. Rediscovered by Evans.
Term
megaron:
Definition
great hall of Grecian palace complexes. Rectangular hall, fronted by an open, two-columned porch, and more or less central, open hearth surrounded by 4 columns.
Term
polis:
Definition
“city” in Greek, but typically refers to Greek city-states
Term
labyrinth:
Definition
Elaborate structure of long stairways with repeated turns
Term
beehive chamber:
Definition
refers to the large corbelled vault in Treasury of Atreus
Term
tholos (pl. tholoi):
Definition
circular temples in Greek architecture, (tholos tomb = beehive tomb too)
Term
dromos:
Definition
entrance passage to a building
Term
ashlar masonry:
Definition
finely dressed (cut, worked) masonry
Term
rubble masonry
Definition
: rough, unhewn building stone set in mortar
Term
piano nobile:
Definition
“noble floor/level”, the principal floor of a large house/building
Term
fresco:
Definition
means “fresh”, due to how they would freshly paint the walls in the Palace of Minos colorfully (relates to polychromy)
Term
polychromy:
Definition
use of multiple colors
Term
Akhenaten and Nefertiti:
Definition
Tomb found in KV55 (Valley of the Kings). Was a pharaoh. Queen was Nefertiti.
Term
Howard Carter:
Definition
English archaeologist that discovered King Tut.
Term
hypostyle hall:
Definition
hall that has a roof supported by columns
Term
obelisk:
Definition
tall, 4-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at top
Term
peristyle court:
Definition
columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court that may contain a garden
Term
pylon:
Definition
Greek term for monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple. Consists of two tapering towers, each surmounted by a cornice, joined by a less elevated section in between them.
Term
axis (pl. axes):
Definition
Straight line
Term
bas relief:
Definition
bas = low, “low relief”. Relief is the sculptural technique to give the impression the material has been raised above the background plane
Term
cavetto cornice:
Definition
When the roofline sticks out as it reaches the top
Term
orthogonal planning:
Definition
major characteristic of Egyptian architecture, 90 degree angles
Term
column (fluted):
Definition
a structural element that transmit through compression the weight of the structure above. Fluted refers to the grooves vertically on a column
Term
mastaba:
Definition
Egyptian tomb in form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure, deep burial chamber inside.
Term
colonnade:
Definition
A long sequence of columns joined in their entablature.
Term
clerestory:
Definition
any high windows above eye level
Term
pyramid:
Definition
structure in the geometric pyramid shape
Term
step pyramid:
Definition
uses flat platforms receding from ground up
Term
capstone:
Definition
at the top of the pyramid, serves as a cover
Term
spur wall:
Definition
found in Zoser, wall pierced by an arch constructed transversely across a church aisle (??? found defn online).
Term
lotus capital:
Definition
top of columns decorated to look like lotus flowers
Term
serdab:
Definition
Egyptian tomb structure that served as a chamber for the statue of a corpse.
Term
cob:
Definition
a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, some kind of fibrous or organic material (straw) and earth.
Term
adobe:
Definition
a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure), which the builders shape into bricks (using frames) and dry in the sun. similar to cob/mudbrick
Term
half-timbering:
Definition
lattice of panels filled with material like wattle and daub.
Term
pise/pise de terre/rammed earth:
Definition
a technique for building walls using natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime or gravel.
Term
niche:
Definition
a decorative recess set into a wall for the purpose of displaying a statue, vase, font, or other object.
Term
ziggurat:
Definition
massive structures built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels.
Term
wattle and daub:
Definition
Composite building material used for making walls. A woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle, which is then daubed in a sticky material from soil, clay, sand, animal dung, and straw.
Term
dolmen:
Definition
is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb which has three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table) above.
Term
gallery grave:
Definition
form of megalithic tomb where no size diff. b/w burial chamber itself and entrance passage
Term
megalith/megalithic:
Definition
large stones
Term
lintel:
Definition
load-bearing building component
Term
trabeated:
Definition
simple construction using 2 columns/piers and a lintel across them held up
Term
menhir:
Definition
large (megalithic) upright standing stone
Term
mass:
Definition
a lot of matter (?) wtf
Term
mortise and tenon:
Definition
used to join stones in Neolithic era (Stonehenge). Mortise (hole)/Tenon (protrusion).
Term
cromlech or henge:
Definition
circle of stones
Term
barrow:
Definition
A mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Also called a tumulus.
Term
corbelled vault:
Definition
arch-like construction using corbeling to span a space or void in a structure
Term
passage grave:
Definition
consists of a narrow passage made of large stones and one or more burial chambers covered in earth/stone
Term
pier:
Definition
upright structure (stone in this context), equivalent to a column
Term
tectonics:
Definition
expressing architectural ideas through an integrated architectural/structural system
Term
cyclopean masonry:
Definition
stonework in Mycenaean arch. Rough stones put together w/ minimal clearance between adjacent stones
Term
trilithon:
Definition
similar to trabeated. a structure consisting of two large vertical stones (posts) supporting a third stone set horizontally across the top (lintel).
Term
Paleolithic:
Definition
Prehistoric period in human history from 2.6 million years to 10,000 B.C.E.
Term
Neolithic:
Definition
AKA New Stone age. Starts from ~10,000 B.C.E. to around 4500-2000 B.C.E.
Term
tensile frame:
Definition
construction carrying only tension, no compression or bending
Term
plan:
Definition
top down written/graphic descriptions of architectural elements for a site/building.
Term
section:
Definition
cut-through view; shows organization and interior
Term
longitudinal section:
Definition
cut from top to bottom
Term
cross section:
Definition
vertical plane cut through the object, viewing the object from the side
Term
elevation:
Definition
view of a building seen from one side
Term
volume:
Definition
equivalent to mass
Term
compression frame:
Definition
opposite of tensile frame, trabeated (2 piers + 1 lintel) is an example
Term
site plan:
Definition
shows whole context of building/site; specific time of plan
Term
perspective:
Definition
approximate representation on a flat surface of an image, perceived by one’s eye
Term
isometric:
Definition
It is an axonometric projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles between any two of them are 120 degrees.
Term
axonometric:
Definition
"Axonometric" means "to measure along axes".
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