Term
| Vitruvius' Three Elements of Architecture |
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Definition
| Durability, Utility, Beauty |
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Term
| The Anasazi people's cliff dwellings... |
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Definition
| not only helped protect them from their enemies, but also were sited to take advantage of the overhanging cliffs to control the amount of sun exposure in the summer and winter seasons |
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Term
| The Native Americans of the Northeast |
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Definition
| built shelters made of logs (longhouses) and wigwams from branches and animal hides, materials gathered from forests |
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Term
| The Native American's of the Plaines |
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Definition
| followed the herds, so they built Teepees, light mobile shelters of animal hides that could be dismantled and dragged to a new location |
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Term
| The Native Americans of Alaska and Canada (Eskimos) |
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Definition
| built ice shelters (igloos) with an air lock entry to keep out the cold air. A sleeping loft kept them off the cold floor |
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Term
| The Native Americans of the Southwest |
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Definition
| built pueblos of sun dried adobe brick. Dense adobe delays heat during the day and releases heat at night |
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Term
| The Native Americans of the Southeast |
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Definition
| built "Chickees" or palm thatched huts of insect resistant cypress. Today the chickee is exempt from the Florida Building Code if it is constructed by Miccosuki or Seminole Indians |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures |
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Term
| Florida's Temperature Swing |
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Definition
| Florida summers have a small temperature swing - High 90s in the daytime and low 80s at night |
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Term
| Southwest Desert Temperature Swing |
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Definition
| Have a large temperature swing - High 100s in the day time and high 50s at night |
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Term
| Dwellings in Low Temperature Swing Areas... |
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Definition
| should be constructed with light weight materials to avoid heat absorption |
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Term
| Dwellings in High Temperature Swing Areas... |
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Definition
| Should be constructed with high mass materials to slow down heat absorption and allow night time heat radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| provided light and ventilation into their mosques by providing deeply recessed openings covered with perforated screens |
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Term
| The US Embassy in New Delhi |
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Definition
| By Edward Durell Stone 1958 - used perforated screens to shield the windows from the direct rays of the sun. The screens allowed reflected sunlight and ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Frank Lloyd Wright 1909 - used long roof overhangs to prevent the sun from entering the windows during the summer months |
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Term
| The 2nd Herbert Jacob's House |
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Definition
| FLW Called the "Solar Hemi-cycle" 1948 - utilized South facing glass with a large roof overhang bermed earth on the north side concrete floores and stone walls minimal interior partitions and a semi-circular floor plan that followed the sun's path |
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Term
| The development of effective artificial lighting, heating and ventilation allowed... |
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Definition
| architects to stop thinking about sun exposure, prevailing wind and temperature patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| (Cite' de Refuge) - Le Corbusier - Glass facade with no overhangs - Glass is a poor insulator, originally designed with AC but the AC was cut to save money, disaster building |
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Term
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Definition
| Le Corbusier - solar screens to protect windows from direct sun exposure. Because they are built into the building they are considered a "passive" solar device - Ex: Gov Complex (India) and Ministry of Education (Brazil) |
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Term
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Definition
| Le Corbrusier - Marseilles 1948 - Deeply recessed balconies, cross ventilation through units, hallway on every other floor so fire codes would not allow it now |
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Term
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Definition
| Vary the sizes of openings in a building to create positive and negative air pressures that generate or induce natural ventilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rome - Ex of Venturi Effect - Wind blowing across the dome draws out warm air through the "occulus" in the ceiling. Cool air enters at street. Hot (active) air doesn't rise, but is displaced by heavier cool air |
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Term
| Wind Loads - Gothic Cathedrals |
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Definition
| Lateral loads counteracted by flying buttress; trial and error |
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Term
| Wind Loads - Crystal Palace, London |
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Definition
| Joseph Paxton 1860 - Diagonal bracing |
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Term
| Wind Loads - Eiffel Tower |
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Definition
| Gustaffe Eiffel 1870 - First building designed to resist wind loads. Eiffel also did the structural frame for the Statue of Liberty |
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Term
| Wind Loads - John Hancock Building (Chicago) |
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Definition
| Diagonal braces to resist "lateral" wind loads. |
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Term
| Wind Loads - John Hancock Building (Boston) |
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Definition
| "Tuned Mass Damper" added to resist swaying. Windows fell out and needed to be replaced |
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Term
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Definition
| Height of sun above the horizon |
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Term
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Definition
| The sun's angle East or West of South |
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Term
| Sun position for Tampa, Fl |
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Definition
| 28 degrees North Latitude |
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Term
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Definition
| March 21 - 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night - equal days and nights |
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Term
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Definition
| June 21 - 14 hrs day, 10 hrs night - Longest day of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| September 21 - 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night - equal days and nights |
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Term
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Definition
| December 21 - 10 hrs day, 14 hrs night - Shortest day of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| Rises 90° E - Sets 90° West |
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Term
| Azimuth - Summer Solstice |
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Definition
| Rises - North of East, 118° East of South - Sets - North of West, 118° West of South |
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Term
| Azimuth - Winter Solstice |
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Definition
| Rises - South of East 62° East from South - Sets - South of West 62° East from South |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Altitude - Tropic of Cancer |
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Definition
| 23° North Latitude (hence the 23° tilt of the Earth) |
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Term
| The highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa June 21 |
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Definition
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Term
| The Highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa March 21 |
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Definition
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Term
| The highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa on December 21 |
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Definition
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Term
| Economics - Taj Mahal (India) |
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Definition
| John Kenneth Galbraith said, "The most economical building is the one that promises to give the greatest total pleasure for the price." |
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Term
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Definition
| It is not necessarily how much something costs, but rather how much value (enjoyment) you get for the cost. |
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Term
| Pre-Historic Architecture is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pre-Historic Civilizations... |
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Definition
| After satisfying their need for shelter (protection from elements and enemies) civilizations began to express symbolism in their built structures |
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Term
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Definition
| were massive monuments built - having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels |
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Term
| Early humans sough shelter in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| earliest known human constructed dwelling |
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Term
| Table Stone at Lanyon Quoit - Cornwall, England |
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Definition
| Evidence suggests that the structure may have been an earthen burial chamber that over time, has eroded away |
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Term
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Definition
| An early village of 10 stone houses (circa 2500 bc to 1500 bc) |
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Term
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Definition
| An early city of 10,000 people (circa 6500bc) |
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Term
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Definition
| As early man began to control the cultivation of grain there was less need to be nomadic hinters and gatherers. Dwellings began to be permanently built in one location |
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Term
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Definition
| Frank Lloyd Wright vision of Usonia - The American Utopia |
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Term
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Definition
| Post WW2 sprawl - No Suburbs |
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Term
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Definition
| The Death and Life of Great American Cities - 1961 |
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Term
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Definition
| Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk - Florida, Maryland - Front building setbacks in residential sections of Seaside Florida were determined by the maximum conversational distance from public walk to the front porch |
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Term
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Definition
Permanence - Last for eternity
Funeral Architecture
Architects were considered to be "gods" |
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Term
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Definition
| Architect of Stepped Pyramid for Pharaoh Zoser - Father of stone construction - Inventor of the pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| Architect of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb |
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Term
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Definition
| was considered ancient by the Greeks, they were 2500 years old by that time |
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Term
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Definition
| 1972 - Performed in front of the Great Pyramid at Giza. The song set included Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away" |
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Term
| Egypt Seasons - Inundation |
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Definition
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Term
| Egypt Seasons - Emergence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stepped Pyramid for Pharaoh Zoser |
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Definition
| Zoser united the Upper Lower Kingdom |
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Term
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Definition
| perhaps stacked mastabas - Architect Imhotep |
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Term
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Definition
| Nile River runs South to North - Sun rises East to West (Pyramid or tomb is on the West side of the River) - Replica of the Pharaoh's palaces in lower Egypt and upper Egypt - Lower, Reed columns - Upper, Lotus flower columns |
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Term
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Definition
| Khufu, largest - Khafre, associated with the Sphinx, still has limestone casing stones) - Menkare, associated with the 3 queen pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| not by slaves, but more likely by massive public works projects that kept the people employed during the inudation when it was impossible to farm the land |
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Term
| The angle of most pyramids |
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Definition
| +/- 52 degrees - Height is four times diameter times number of rotations |
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Term
| The angles of Bent Pyramids |
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Definition
| +/- 52 degrees at the bottom and +/- 43 degrees at the top - The angle was changed because the pyramid collapsed during construction |
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Term
| The angle of the Red Pyramids |
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Definition
| +/- 43 degrees - The Red Pyramid was designed at this angle because of the collapse of the Bent Pyramid - Height is three times the diameter times the number of rotations |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyramids were replaced by tombs because of looting |
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Term
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Definition
| constructed (Hatshetsut's tomb) but later were carved into the cliffs (King Tut's) |
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Term
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Definition
| Senmut (Architect) - Symbolism - Colonnade mimics the face of the cliff behind |
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Term
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Definition
| were for living priests therefore located on the East side of the Nile River - Interior spaces were lit with natural lighting with Clerestory Windows and Light Holes |
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Term
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Definition
| Avenue - Atrium, Court, Forecourt - Sanctuary, Sekos - Pylon - Great Hall, Hypostyle Hall |
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Term
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Definition
| Excellence and Perfection |
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Term
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Definition
| Directors of Workmen - 250 Greek Architects known, but no drawings survived |
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Term
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Definition
| Mythological Greek Architect - Wax and feather wings to fly with son Icarus - Built Labyrinth of the Minotaur - Bed for the Queen and her bull to mate |
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Term
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Definition
| The new found awareness of the Greek and Roman antiquities brought about an architecture that adapted Greek and Roman architecture to meet the needs of the 18th, 19th and 20th century - In reality Classical Revival mostly resembled Roman rather than Greek |
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Term
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Definition
| Temonos (Sacred grove of trees) - Wood Temples (Columns represented by tree trunks, Pediment represented as tree canopy) - Conversion to stone as wood deteriorated - Stone Temples (Triglyphs represented 3 pieces of built up wood beams) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mastery of Space - Mastery of Engineering (Arch, Pozzolana (roman concrete), Sewers, Aqueducts, Roads) |
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Term
| Early Christian Byzantine Period |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| First Roman ruler to embrace Christianity |
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Term
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Definition
| The Roman building type that was the most suitable model for Christian churches - NOT a religious building type so had no pagan symbols - Large congregations - Its axial alignment focused on the altar |
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Term
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Definition
| In the West (Early Christian) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Propylon - Nathex - Aisles - Apse - Atrium, Court - Nave - Transcept |
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Term
| Early Medieval (Romanesque Churches) |
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Definition
| Located on fringes of Roman Empire - Had small windows to protect from invaders - modeled after age-eroded Roman details - Often named after saint who had relics in the church |
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Term
| After visiting Hagia Sophia |
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Definition
| Roman crusaders were inspired to request their lords to build larger, light filled churches - beginning of Gothic Arc |
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Term
| Gothic (as given by Renaissance Arcs in Italy) |
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Definition
| A derogatory term meaning the uncivilized architecture of the North |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Notre Dame Paris - Notre Dame Amiens (Ashley Plaza can fit inside) - Notre Dame Chartes (highest order of Gothic Arc) |
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Term
| Parts of A Gothic Cathedral |
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Definition
| Narthex - Aisles - Apse - Choir or Chave - Nave - Transcept - Ambulatory - Crossing |
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Term
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Definition
| Humanist - They were artists and sculptors |
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Term
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Definition
| To highlight the rationality, edges and surfaces were defined in contrasting tones rather than elaborate mosaics and color |
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Term
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Definition
| Once the Renaissance architects took their rational rules of architecture to the limits they began to break those rules |
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Term
| Baroque and Rococo Period |
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Definition
| Super human scale and Ostentatious to show off the riches of the church |
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Term
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Definition
| mis-shaped pearl - A derogatory term coined by later architects |
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Term
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Definition
| A grotto - A derogatory term coined by later architects |
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Term
| Architects of Boroque and Rococo |
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Definition
| favored shaping light filled spaces with brilliant color and sensuous detail and with little regard to the fundamental structure of architecture |
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Term
| Age of Enlightenment 19th Century |
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Definition
| Not satisfied with the super-scaled and ostentatious Baroque and Rococo churches - Architects sought an architecture that promoted social responsibility and classical education |
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Term
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Definition
| The new found awareness of the Greek and Roman antiquities brought about an architecture that adapted Greek and Roman architecture to meet the needs of the 18th century |
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Term
| Greek Revival or Classical Revival |
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Definition
| In Reality, the buildings more closely resembled Roman Temples rather than Greek Temples |
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Term
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Definition
| Celebration of the machine and new materials (Iron, Steel, Glass) |
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Term
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Definition
| Palace of the Machines - Turbine Factory (Peter Behrens) - Fagus Factory(Walter Gropius) - Larkin Building (FLW) |
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Term
| Industrial Rev World's Fair and Expositions |
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Definition
London - Crystal Palace (Jospeh Paxton)
Paris - Eiffel Tower (Gustaffe Eiffel)
Chicago - NeoClassicism
Barcelona - German Pavillion (Mies van der Rohe, 1929) |
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Term
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Definition
| Invention (Otis) allowed buildings to be taller |
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Term
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Definition
| Celebrated the idea of craftmanship - opposed machine - Tiffany Glass (Louis Comfort Tiffany) - Bungalow style - Charles Greene and Henry works in Pasadena - Gamble House - Blacker House |
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Term
| Modernism and the International Style |
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Definition
| synonymous terms for the European architecture that was inspired by the Bauhaus and le Corbusier int he 20s and 30s |
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Term
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Definition
| by Adolph Loos a Vienna Secessionist |
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Term
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Definition
| Walter Gropius propsed new methodology for teaching future architects and established this school |
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Term
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Definition
| celebrate the new materials of the industrial revolution - Steel and Glass |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "The House is a machine for living" |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 points of New Architecture |
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Definition
| Pilotis - Ribbon Windows - Rooftop gardens - Free Plan - Independence of Structure and Enclosure |
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Term
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Definition
| (The Whites) 1960s - Peter Eisenman - Michael Graves - Charles Gwathmey - John Hejduk - Richard Meier |
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Term
| Book - From Bauhaus to Our House |
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Definition
| Tom Wolfe - Criticized modernism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Book - Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture |
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Definition
| Robert Venturi - Criticized modernism |
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Term
| Ex: Post Modernism - Michael Graves |
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Definition
| Portland Municipal Services Building - Swan and Dolphin Hotels (Disney) - Disney Headquarters (Burbank) |
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Term
| Ex: Post Modernism - Robert Venturi |
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Definition
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Term
| Ex: Post Modernism - Robert AM Stern |
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Definition
| Beach Club - Yach Club Hotels (Disney) |
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Term
| Ex: Post Modernism - Charles Moore |
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Definition
| Sea Ranch - Piazza dItalia |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpreted literature and art (books movies music art) into built form |
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Term
| Ex: Deconstructivism - Peter Eisenman |
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Definition
| Wexner Center for the Arts |
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Term
| Ex: Deconstructivism - Zaha Hadid |
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Definition
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Term
| Ex: Deconstructivism - Morphosis and Thom Mayne |
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Definition
| California Transportation Building |
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Term
| Ex: Deconstructivism - Rem Koolhaus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The Nobel type prize for architects - Funded by Jay Pritzger owner of the Hyatt Hotel chain |
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Term
| 1st recipient of Pritzger |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st Woman recipient of Pritzger |
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Definition
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Term
| Film - "My Architect" - Louis Kahn |
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Definition
| Richards Medical Tower (Philly) - Bath House (Trenton) - Salk Inst. (LaJolla CA) - Exeter Library (New Hampshire) - Capitol of Bangladesh |
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Term
| Film - "A Strong, Clear Vision" - Maya Lin |
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Definition
| Vietnam Veterans Memorial (DC 1980) - Civil Rights Memorial (Montgomer AL 1985) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brian Healy - Rob Wellington Quigley - Sam Mockbee (The Rural Studio Auburn University) - Jersey Devil (Steve Badanes) |
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