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Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Syria. 2nd or 3rd C. AD |
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Baptistry of St. Jean Portiers (West France) 7th C. |
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Stave Church of St. Andrew borgund (Norway) 1150-1250 |
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Baptistry of St. Jean portiers (Western France) 7th C. |
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Trelleborg & Fyrkat (Norway) 900-1000 Viking Ring Forts |
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Longhouse Fedderson Weirde, Germany 200-450 |
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Hagia Sophia Constantinople 532-37 Artemis of Tralles and Isodorus of Milletus Centralized rotuendal and axial basilica plan. Forty windows piercea 107.6' (avg.) dome on pendentives. Pendentives have diagonal diameter of 151', greater than pantheons. Complex abutments comprise two barrel vaults, two semidomes, and four piers 79' deep. Lesser centralizing two storied structures are infileed the peripheral structural frame, generating spatial tension witht the center as at SS Sergius and Bacchus. |
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Hagia Sophia Constantinople 532-37 Anthemius of Tralles and Isodorus of Milletus Integrates a centralizing rotundal and and axial basilical plan. Forty windows pierce a 107.6' (average) dome on pendentives, rebuilt three times. Windows make doema appear suspended in space, but also control crack development. Pendentives have diagonal diameter of 151' greater than Pantheon's. Complex abutments comprise two barrel vaults, two semidomes, and four piers 70' deep. Lesser centralizing two-storied structures infilled the peripheral structural frame, generating spatial tension with the center as at SS Sergius and BAcchus. |
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Hagia Sophia Plan Constantinople 532-37 Isidorus of Milletus and Anthemius of Tralles |
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Baptistry of St. John Constantinian remodeled early 5th and 17 centuries. Baptistries expressed associations with death, ressurectin, and the Cosmos, linking allusions of baths and tombs, piscinae, cleansing, original sin, and mausolea commemoratin the pagan's death and Christian birth |
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Basilica of Maxentius Rome Begun by Maxentius, resumed by Constantine after 312. Concrete groin vaults abutted by transverse barrel vaults |
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basilica palace of Constantine Constantine Trier Early 4th century
Connected to Pink Baroque Palace
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Basilica palace of Constantine Trier Early 4th C. Constantine |
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Saints Serguis and Bacchus Early Justanic Constantinople (527-565) Central rotunda inside a squarish block. Semicircular and rectangular niches alternate between eight peirs supportina pumpkin dome on squinches. Transparent colonnades with cushion capitals and impost blocks behind the niches open to complex irrational two storied layers of structure and space. A wide projecting apsed sanctuary replaces the easter niche. |
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St Front Cathedral Périgueux 1125-1150 Aquitanian Romaneque imitation of Holy Apostles |
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Constantine's Arch Rome After 312 |
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Santa Sabina 425 3 aisles apse, no transept. Bema is a low-walled off space in the nave |
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Hagia Irene Constantinople begun 532, 2nd building campaign 564, Dome reconstructed 740 |
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| Ancient Byzantium. In 313 Constantine promulgated the Edict of Toleration in Milan, legalizing Christianity. In 325 he gathered the Council of Nicea to establish systematically the tenets of the Christian faith. In 330 Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople, ancient Byzantium, (K 11.29a & b, 31) renamed Istanbul by the Turks in 1452. Constantinople was meant to be New Rome, New Athens, and New Jerusalem, matching its predecessors in magnificence, learning, and sacred sites. The Imperial Palace, its hippodrome and chapels still extant, recalled the Palatine Hill in Rome. Great colonnaded avenues radiated from the milion westwards, crossing great Forae before reaching the city walls. In 337 Constantine died and the empire was divided administratively among his sons, Constantine II (Gaul, Spain, Britain), Constance II (Thrace, Orient), and Constant (Italia, Illyria, Africa). The last gasp of Paganism occurred during the brief reign of Julian the Apostate (361-3) who devised a complex Neoplatonic philosophical religion that held little popular appeal. Emperor Theodosius the Great (379-395) consolidated the Christian victory and proscribed all Pagan rituals. After his death the empire was divided permanently in two among his two sons. Arcadius ruled the East and Honorius the West. The western empire fell in 476 to the Visigothic king Odoacre, who dethroned the boy emperor Romulus Augustulus. |
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Rome: Santa Costanza (325-350) Rome: Baptistry of St. John Lateran (remodeled early 5th and 7th c.) Ravenna: Baptistry of the Orthodox 449 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre begun 330 rebuilt late 4th c. |
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Rome: Old St. Peter 333 Rome: Santa Sabina 425 |
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| Byzantine: Age of Justinian (527-565) |
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Constantinople: St.s Serguis and Bacchus (Cir.527) Constantinople: Hagia Sophia (532-537)
Constantinople: Hagia Irene (begun 532, later 564) Constantinople: Holy Apostles (Cir. 536-545)
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Mistra: Brontocheion (Cir, 1300) Venice: St. Mark (begun 1063) Périgueux: Cathedral of St. Front (Cir. 1125-1150) Novogorod: Cathedral of St. Sophia (1045-52) Moscow: Kremlin ( |
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Feddersen Wierde: Long House (Cir. 200-450) Soissons: Merovingian House (Cir. 400-500) Arles: roman Amphitheater used as fortified village (
Portiers: Baptistry of St. Jean 7th C. Trelleborg & Fyrkat: Viking Ring Forts Borgund: Stave Church of St. Andrew (1150-1250)
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| Carlogian Renaissance (Roman Revival) |
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Aachen: Palace of Charlemagne (796-804) Germigny-des-Pres: Oratory Palace of Theodulf (806
) Lorsch: Monestery of Abbot Richbold (784-804) Abbeville: Monastery of St. Riquier (after 790) Corvey on Wesser: Abbey church (837-885) |
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| Early Islamic Architecture |
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The prophet Muhammad (571-632 C.E.) was born in Mecca, and educated by his uncle, the emir Abu Talib. In 611 Muhammad began to preach a new faith, gathering many converts. Opposition by tribal factions forced him to flee to Medina in 622, the year of the Hegira that begins the Islamic calendar. (Note that the early Islamic world used a lunar year of 354 days. To convert Hegira lunar years to Common Era subtract 3% from the Hegira date and add 622: thus: 1277 H = (1277 – 38) + 622 CE = 1861 CE.) Muhammad reconquered Mecca in 630, quickly subduing opposition to Islam in Arabia. By the time of his death an explosive military and religious expansion was underway.
Poetry was the foremost Arabic art, and calligraphy the most prestigious visual art. Compare a calligraphy page in the Album of Sultan Mehmet II, Fatih at the Topkapu in Istanbul, & Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie Woogie, 1943.
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632-661 Orthodox Caliphs, their capital at Medina, capture Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa reducing the Byzantine's and obliteration the Sassians |
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| Age of Expansion (buildings) |
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Kufa: Great Friday Mosque (638-639) Kufa: Dar al-Imara (670) |
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661-750 Capital at Damascus |
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| Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) |
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jerusalem: Dome of the Rock- Harem esh Shariff (687-691) Jerusalem: Mosque of al-Aqsa (705) Jordan: Qasr Kharaneh 710 Jordan: Qusayr Amra Jordan: Mshatta (720) East Syria: Qasr al-Hayr-ash-Sarqi (728) Palestine: Khirbet al-Mafjar (739-744) |
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750-1258 Capitals at Baghdad and Samarra Baghdad-early circular city founded 762 |
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| Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) |
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Syria: Raqqa, Baghhdad city Gate 8th C. or later Ukhaidir: Desert Palace Cir. 780 Damghan: Tarik Khana Mosque Cir. 750-790 Samarra: - Palace of Harun al-Rashid (786-809)
- al-MuBarrak & Octagon of Husn al-Qadisiyya
- Palace of Dar al-Khilafaof Caliph al-Mu'tasim (833-41)
- Great Friday Mosque and Minaret of al-Mutawakkil (847-852)
- Bulkuwara Palace (849-859)
- Abu Dulaf Mosque and Minaret in the a-Jafariyya Quarter (860)
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Conqured 841 in Age of Expansion. Umayyads and Abbasids rule until 868. Tulunid dynasty founded by Ibn Tulun rules 868-904 controlled Syra from 877. 935-1171 Ikshidids 969-1171 Fatmids
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Cairo: Nilometer (861) Cairo: Mosque of Ibn Tulun (876-879) Cairo: Mosque of al-Ashar (970) Cairo: Mosque of al-Hakim (990-1013) Cairo: Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125) Cairo: Walls of Badr al- Gamali (1087-1092) |
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Ruled 669-800 by Umayyads and Abbasids. Splits after teh late 8th C. into various kingdoms. Morocco ruled by Idrisids with capital at Fez 788-794. Tunisia ruled by Aghlabids with capital at Qairawan cir. 800-909, replaced by Fatimids 909-972 |
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Sussa: Ribat-military camp (late 8th early 9th C.) Qairawan: Great Friday Mosque (724, reconstructed 862) |
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Conqured 711-713. 756-1031 ruled by the independent Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba. In 1031 the Caliphate collapsed and numerous Taifa (Muluk al-Tawaif = party kings) Kingdoms aros. |
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Cordoba: Great Friday Mosque (begun 785, enlarged 965) Medinet az-Zahra: City and Palace (936) Toledo: Mosque of Bib Mardum (999) Zaragoza: aljaferia Palace (1046-81) |
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Umayyad and Abbasid Arabs ruled the older Sassanian (persian) empire from 632-962. Turkish rulers (Ghaznavids from Afghanista) 962-1037, and Seljuks from Turkestan 1037-ca. Devastated the country in 1220 and 1258 |
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| Persia and Central Asia (buildings) |
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Damghan: Tarik Khana Mosque (750-790) and Minaret
Sarvistan: Palace or Zoroastrian Temple (850-950) Bokhara: Mausoleum of Ismail the Samanid (900) Muquarnas-stalactite vaults Sanghbast: Tomb of Arslan Jadhib and Minaret Mil-i-Ayaz (997-1028) Gurgan: Gunbad-i-Qabud (1196-7)
Jam: Minaret of Ghiyath al-Din (1155-1203) Zavareh: Majid-i-Jami (1135-6) Isfahan: Mashid-i-Jami 9th-16th c. Varamin: Masjid-i-Jami 1332-6 4-Iwan Mosque Sultanieh: Tomb of Oljeitu (1306-19) Samarkand: Gur-i-Mir: Tomb of Timur Lenk 1404 |
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(226-642) Naqsh-i-Rustam. Relief of Victory of Shapur I over Valerian.
Firuz Abad. Palace of Ardashir I. ca. 225-35. Iwan (or diwan) flanked by elliptical barrel vaults. 3 halls with elliptical domes on squinches. Persian Zoroastrian fire worship in square altars under the sky had established the symbols of a circle above for eternal heaven, without beginning or end, and a square below for earth, with four directions. Domed square halls in Sassanian palaces (later in Byzantine churches) reify the image of earth under heaven. The earthly authority of the king (or later of the church) derived from his partial divinity.
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Ctesiphon: Palace of Shapur (242-272) Firuz Abad: Palace of Ardashir (225-35) |
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| Precolumbian Civilizations |
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Serpent mound (100-1140) Teotichacán- 2nd C Largest City in New World Guatemala: Tikal (700-750) |
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| India: Hindu temples and their Buddhist Precursors |
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Native religions of India can be classified loosely into four groups:
1) Ancient Dravidian cults with multiple local deities,
2) Brahmanical cults introduced in the 2nd millenium B.C.E. by Aryan invaders and codified in the Vedas,
3) Hinduism, a synthesis of Dravidian and Brahmanical cults, and
4) Buddhism, introduced in the 5th century B.C.E.
The oldest extant Hindu temples were built by Gupta-dynasty kings in the 5th century of our era. All earlier extant temples in India are Buddhist. An explanation is that for 800 years, since the reign of emperor Asoka in the 3rd century B.C.E., Indian kings had been Buddhists. The more permanent monuments that they and their associatess could afford had also been Buddhist. Brahmanical cults were forced underground along with offerings to older Dravidian divinities, as the great yaksha at Dīdargañj, there to become amalgamated into Hinduism. Temples of this evolving religion were built of perishable materials by more modest patrons following Vedic strictures against building materials other than wood or brick. Buddhists, indifferent to Vedic dogmas, lifted those restrictions from Indian building practices. Stone construction was used widely when Hindu religion became dominant after the 5th century C.E.
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Buddhist shrine at Chezarla. Chaitya halls often had a porch in front, as at the Trivikrama temple at Ter. The second form is the garbha-gŗha, a small square or rectangular cella, fully enclosed on three sides and with one entrance on the fourth. The entrance was preceded by a colonnaded porch, the maņdapa, and both porch and cella were covered with flat roofs.
Sāñchī: Great Stupa #1. ca. (185-25) B.C.E. Sāñchī: Buddhist temple XVII. (Early 5th) c. Square cella of fine ashlar, raised on short podiums capped with quarter-round moldings. Columns of the maņdapa (porch) with high square bases support shorter octagonal shafts surmounted by lotus blossoms, heavy square abaci, and lion capitals. These compound pilings of elements recall the Persian-inspired (2nd century B.C.E.) Śunga dynasty Pillar of Heliodorus at Besnagar, and later, more Indianized versions, as at the chaitya hall of Kārlī. Thus these Gupta orders, later developed into extravagantly elaborate forms, had their origins in Asokan commemorative columns, or stambhas, and their Persian predecessors at Persepolis, crafted by Ionian Greek workers. Porches and cellas of Sāñchī and Kārlī are unified by a continuous horizontal molding that extends the architrave of the porch around the cella. Both buildings have flat roofs, slightly lower at the the porch.
Sāñchī: Buddhist temple XVIII. (Mid 7th c.?) Peristyle temple, with Greek Ionic reminiscences.
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| EARLY ŚIKHARA HINDU TEMPLES: GUPTA (and slightly later) |
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Gupta Hindu sanctuaries followed the two basic Buddhist sanctuary forms. From the chaitya halls would ultimately evolve the great sequence of southern Drāvida and Vesara temples. From the garbha-gŗha form, would evolve the northern sequence of Indo Aryan śikhara temples, which we follow here. The two primitive Indian forms recall Egyptian and Greek prostyle temples that evolved from prehistoric rectangular or apsidal huts such as Mycenean megarons. A connection exists through Indo-Hellenistic buildings as the Jandial temple at Taxila built (early 1st c. C.E).. Starting from this common model, the Grecoroman world and India reached drastically different ends. Indian architects developed the kernel form by adding a tower over the cella (garbha-gŗha) and a pyramidal roof above the porch, later expanding the porch into a sequence of entrance halls, each with its pyramidal roof, the whole representing the Himalayas surmounted by mount Meru, or Kailāsa, the mythical mountain at the axis of the world.
Deogarh: Vishnu Temple. (Early 6th century.) Garbha-gŗha surrounded by four porches. Aihoļe: Durgā Mandir Temple. (Early 6th century.) Circumambulatory aisles and semicircular apse, both derived from Buddhist chaitya halls. The śikhara tower erected over the garbha-gŗha is somewhat later, and an obvious predecessor to later Hindu temples. The outer ambulatory perhaps derived from now-lost wooden colonnades around freestanding Buddhist chaitya halls. This recalls 7th century B.C.E. Archaic Greek peristyle temples, as at the Heraion at Samos or the Temple of Apollo at Thermon, or earlier Iron Age megarons with wooden peristyles. Freestanding garbha-gŗha within the space of the maņdapa (entrance hall). Ritual approach by successive circumambulations of the temple outside and inside. Cf. Temple of Bel at Palmyra.
Aihoļe: Huchīmallīgudi Temple. ca. (696-708.) Modelled after rectangular prostyle temples as Sāñchī XVII, without an exterior peristyled veranda. Enclosed maņdapa and garbha-gŗha. Roof with a suggestion of a clerestory wall. Interior arrangement similar to Durgā Mandir, except for a rectangular processional passage around the garbha-gŗha, and a small antechamber, or antarala, in front of the entrance to the sanctuary.
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| OŖISSĀN VERTICAL TOWER TEMPLES |
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Bhuvaneśvar: Lingarāja Temple. (ca 1000)
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| KHAJURĀHO AND THE LATE MULTIPLE-TOWERED STYLE |
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Khajurāho: Kaņdāriya Mahādeva Temple. ca. 1000. Somnathpur: Kesava Temple. ca. 1268 Angkor (Cambodia). |
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Brontochcheion Mistra (Peloponnessus, Greece) 1300 |
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Kremlin Moscow After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, Czar Ivan III attempted to turn Moscow into the new Constantinople. His Italian Renaissance architectus adopted Russo Byzantine forms. |
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Church of the Inetersession of the Virgin Bogoliubovo 1165 |
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St. Front Cathedral Périgueux 1125-1150 Aquitanian Romanesque imitation of Holy Apostles |
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Mosque of Al-Azhar Cairo 970 |
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Great Friday Mosque of al- Mutawakkil Samarra (Iraq) 849-859 |
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Abu Dulaf Mosque Samarra (Iraq) C. 860 |
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Abu Dulaf minaret Samarra 860 |
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Mosque of Al-Aqsa Jersalem founded 705 by Abd al-Malik Rebuilt numerouf times by al-Manzur 745 Mahdi 780 Az-Zahir 1035 Prayer hall (haran) recalling basiclican churches |
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Exibiting the same properties when measured from all directions |
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| Directional? Maybe? Sergio made this one up. but anways, its a big huge wall around a mosque and the Dome of the Rock, and some other stuff |
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Khirbet al-mafjar Desert Place 710 Imitates Helenistic forms |
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Mosuqe of Ibn Tulun Cairo 876-879 Architect: Ibn Kathir al-Farghani Friday Mosque at the al-Maydan, the new center of the Fustat including a now-lost palace established by Ibn Tulun. Ziyadah courts surrounding sahn prayer hall organized transversely to axis of prayer, as at Damascus, pointed arches, compound piers |
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Mosque of al-Aqmar Cairo 1125 |
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Raqqa, Baghdad city gates Baghdad 8th C or later |
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Mshatta Desert Palace Jordan 720 Richly ornamented gate with Sassian and Hellenistic influences. Built for Caliph al-Walid II |
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Nilometer Cairo 861 measured depth of flooding of Nile. Its destruction in...? marked something important |
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Palace of Huran al-Rashid Samarra 786-809 al-Mubarrak and Octagon of Husn al-Aqdisiyya Octagonal city one mile in diameter built in imitation of the Baghdad of al-mansur |
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Great Friday Mosque Qairawan (Tunisia) begun 724, reconstructed 862 Hisham, Ziyadat Allah (reconstruction) |
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Qasr al-Hyr ash-Sarqi, Desert palace Syria 728 Machiod gate with high corbeled gallery with holes in its floor to attack enemies. Six major places and a Mosque |
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Tarik Khana Mosque Damghan 750-790 Abbasid mosque with prayer hall recalling Acheamanid(Persian Empire) columnar walls |
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Tarik Khana Mosque Damghan 1026-29 |
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Palace of Charlemagne Aachen, Germany 742-814 Architect: Odo of Metz |
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Corvey Abbey Church Corvey 873-885 |
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Oretory Palace of Theodulf Germigny-des-Pres, France 806 |
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Plan of a Monastery at the library of the Monsastery of St. Gall Switzerland 820 |
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Pillar of Heliodorus at Besnagar 2nd c. BCE |
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Jandial Temple at Taxila Taxila, India early 1st C Starting from this common model the Grecoroman world and India reached drastically different ends. Indian architects developed the kernel form by adding a tower over the cella (gargha-grha) and a pyramidal roof above the porch, later expanding the porch intoa secquence of enterance halls, each with its pyramidal roof. |
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Great Stupa #1- 185-250 BCE Buddhist temple XVII- early 5th C. square cella of fine ashlar raised on short podius capped with octagonal shafts surmouted by lotus blossoms, heavy square abaci, and lion capitals. Buddhist temple XVIII- Mid 7th C. peristyle with Greek Ioinic reminiscences. |
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XVII- early 5th C. Lotus blossoms, etc. Kinda like the pole thingy from 2nd C BCE XVIII- mid 7th C. reminiscent of Greek Ionic |
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Vishnu Temple Deogarh Early 6th c. Garbha-grha surrounded by 4 porches |
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Durga Mandir Temple aihole Early 6th c. Circumambulatory aisles and seimicircular apse, both derrived from Buddhist Chaitya halls. the Síkhara tower erected over the garbha-grha is somewhat later and an obvious predesessor to later Hindu temples similar to: Temple of Bel at Palmyra Temple of apollo at thermon Iron age Megarons |
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Karli (Chaitya hall of Karlï) cella, like Sanchi, has continuous horizontal molding that extends the architrave of the porch around the cella. Both buildings have flat roofs, slightly lower at the porch |
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