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Definition
| Greek "limnos" pool, lake, swamp. Study of inland waters (lentic and lotic systems and groundwater) Not always freshwater. Applying ecology to bodies of water is difficult. Very old field (more than 100yrs). Seeks to understand physcical and chemical properties of lakes. |
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| Forel, Agassiz, Birge & Juday, Thienemann, and Lindeman. |
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| Early Limnologist (last 1800's) Studied Lake Geneva (Switzerland) big system cold water body. |
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| Early Limnologist (mid 1800's) Lake Superior - namesake for old version of Lake Michigan in earlier glaciation period. |
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| (early 1900's) wrote early textbooks; studied in Wisconsin |
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| (early 1900's) Germany - namesake for 2 insect genera and multiple species. Worked with midgegs and chironimids. |
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| 1942 - worked with Hutchenson, introduced trophic levels and food webs, which shows a flow of energy. |
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| Division of Water on Earth's Surface |
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Definition
| 71% of total surface. By volume: 97% oceans/seas, 2.24% glacial ice, 0.61% ground water, 0.015% lakes/ponds, 0.001% gaseous, 0.0001% moving water. |
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| Lake Baikal, Caspian Sea, Lake Superior. |
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Definition
| Largest FW by size and volume due to depth caused by tectonic plate droping. 6th largest FW by area. Oldest. Has an outlet to the North Sea |
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| Largest saline by volume and area |
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Definition
Covalent bonding is polar covalent (greedy from due to unequal sharing of electrons.
Relationship between density and temperature (angle of bonds can change)
Heaviest water at 3.94˚C (think ice) |
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| density increases and temperature @ freezing decreases. |
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| Study of interactions between temporal and spatial aspects of a landscape and its floral, faunal, and cultural components |
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| Three Critical Physical Features of Streams and Rivers |
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Definition
1. Flow down a gradient
2. Unidirectional
3. Scour and fill alluviation (debris and particles are moved downstream) |
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| Three Critical Physical Features of Streams and Rivers |
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Definition
1. Flow down a gradient
2. Unidirectional
3. Scour and fill alluviation (debris and particles are moved downstream) |
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Term
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Definition
| single unit of landscape which drains water into surface water (except caves) |
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| Landscapes and catchment basins reflect: |
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Definition
| Geological history and recent history |
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| Landscapes and catchment basins reflect geological history via... |
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Definition
| Mountain building, erosin, and deposition |
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| Landscapes and catchment basins reflect recent history via... |
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Definition
| flooding, fire, drought, volcanic activity, anthropogenic disturbance |
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Definition
1+1=2
1+2 = 2
Largest rivers are 12th order. Higher the order the more likely to be constricted by dams. |
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Definition
| flow present > 90% annually in well-defined channel. Habitats are predictable. These are typically the marked and named waterways depicted by a solid blue line on a map. (creek river brook run, fork, prong, lick, burn) |
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Definition
| Flow generally occurs only during the wet season (< 50% annually). Shown by dotted blue lines on maps. |
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Definition
| Flow generally occurs for only a short time period after storms. Found commonly in karst landscapes. (wash, arroyo, winterbourne, wadi) |
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Definition
| number of days or proportion of the year that a pond or wetland holds water. |
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| Includes groundwater. Has 4 dimensions. |
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| 4 Dimensions of a stream network |
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Definition
Longitudinal
Lateral
Vertical
Temporal (time) |
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Definition
1. Riparian
2. Benthic
3. Hyporheic
4. Phreatic |
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Definition
| terrestrial area immediately adjacent to a stream or river or to a lentic system |
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Definition
| associated with the bottom of an aquatic habitat |
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Definition
| associated with groundwater that actively exchanges with surface water. |
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Definition
| associated with groundwater that does NOT exchange with surface water |
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Definition
| landscapes divided hierarchically into progressively smaller nested units. Each unit has a 2 Digit HUC and are considered hydroregions. Divided and labeled by the USGS. Smaller subregions are given 4 digit HUC's |
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| Progression of Watershed Divisios |
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Definition
Valley Segments
Stream Reaches
Channel Units |
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Definition
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Definition
| margins of eroding uplands, usually with rock and soil carried downslope to a valley |
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Definition
| area of water convergence; sediment and organic matter accumulation. Three types: Colluvial, Alluvial, and Bedrock |
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Definition
| Area of (temporary) accumulation of colluvium. Two types: Channeled and Unchanneled. |
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Definition
| Eroded sediment and organic matter from hillslope. Accumulated in a Colluvial Valley. |
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Definition
High Precip. Events
1) significant 'debris flow' found in steep valleys.
2) expansion of alluvial channel (low gradient valleys) |
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Term
| Unchanneled Colluvial Valley |
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Definition
| Lack permanent stream channels; may have 'zero order' systems (seasonal seeps/springs) |
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| Channeled Colluvial Valley |
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Definition
| Low-order stream channels present downstream from unchanneled colluvial valleys. Highly transport limited. Can also have intermittent or epemeral systems with a broad variety of particle sizes. Lacking in fish. |
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Definition
| Little 'fill' materials. Erodes at a slower rate. Confined channels. Relatively little soil availability. Support limited. |
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Definition
| Supplied by materials from upstream sources. Slow fill; rarely scoured to bedrock. (exception Falls of the Ohio) Two Types: Confined and Unconfined. |
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Definition
| Sediment transported by flow |
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Definition
| broad band of fine grain materials wth origins at much higher elevation. |
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Definition
| No to little floodplain development. Bedrock may inhibit meandering. |
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| Unconfined Alluvial Valleys |
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Definition
| Sinuous and meandering. Avulsion may occur. Transport OR Supply limited. |
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| Stream Reach Classifications |
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Definition
| Colluvial, Bedrock, Cascade, Step-Pool, Plane-Bed, Pool/Riffle, Regime, and Braided |
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Definition
| Steepest. Boulders and LWD present. Waterfalls. FPOM & small sediment transported. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steep. Alternating discrete units of boulders + LWD with pools every 1-4 channel widths. Increased capacity to store fine particles. |
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Definition
| Moderate gradient. Long channel, moderately straight. Decreased bed Roughness. Increased capacity to store fine particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low to Moderate gradient. Longitudinal streambed undulatioins where vertical accumulation of gravel distinguishes pools, riffles, and bars. Sinuous Regular spacing of pools and riffles every 5 to 7 channel widths. Moderate to fine substrates. Increased capacity to store fine particles. Increased 'patchiness'. LWD forms and stabilizes pools |
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Term
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Definition
| Low gradient. Consisten meandering. Mainly fine particles. High-order, unconstrained. Deep waters common. Continuous transport of sediment. |
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Definition
| high order. multiple gravel/sand bars spanning the channel. Similar to regime. |
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Definition
| ratio of stream length to valley length (straight = closer to 1) |
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Definition
| migration of the river channel from active channel |
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| Transport vs Supply Limited |
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Definition
Colluvial - transport
Bedrock - Supply
Alluvial - inbetween (see slide 111) |
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| Channel Unit Classification (differ according to:) |
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Definition
| depth, velocity, substrate |
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| Macrohabitats (Channel Unit Classification) |
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Definition
| riffles, runs, pools, plunge pools, chutes |
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Term
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Definition
| fast moving, shallow water between and over rocks; typically associated with high gradient habitat and streams. Typically supports higher diversity of lotic macroinvertebrates. Highest DO levels due to tubulence. |
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Definition
| fast moving water, smooth surface, typically deeper than riffles, may or may not have coarse inorganic substrates. Transitional area between riffles or riffles and pools. |
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Definition
| deeper, slower moving, lowest DO levels |
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Definition
| typically associated with step pool reaches and waterfalls. |
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Definition
| usually found in higher gradient systems, tremendous amount of kinetic energy. very fast water running through narrow due to rock bars jutting into channel. |
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| Microhabitats (Channel Unit Classifications) |
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Definition
| Substrates, Detritus, Logs, Undercut banks, overhanging vegetation, root wads, backwater and eddies |
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| Different Types (and Sizes) of Substrates |
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Definition
| Bedrock, boulder, cobble/rubble, pebbles, gravel, sand and silt, clay |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid unweathered rock lying beneath surface deposits of soil. Commonly associated with runs or cascade reaches. |
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Definition
| > 10 inch diameter on at least one axis. |
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| < 0.08 inch diameter "fines" and "sediment" |
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Definition
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Definition
| Coarse particulate organic matter. >1 mm diameter. Leaves, twigs, seeds, flowers, needles |
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Definition
| Fine Particulate Organic Matter. 0.45 um - 1 mm diameter |
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Definition
| a stream's ability to maintain particles |
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Definition
dissolved organic matter
particles < 0.45 mm diameter |
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Definition
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Definition
| leaves must be retained prior to biological processing. The link between leaf input and incormporation of allochthonous organic carbon into animal tissue |
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Definition
| from outside system (leaves) |
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Definition
| from inside system (periphyton) |
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| Capacity of stream to retain particles is a function of: |
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Definition
1. Hydrology
2. Substrate features (geomorphology)
3. Riparian features
4. Stream Order |
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Term
| Probability function for Retention |
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Definition
P(R)=f(E,N,V)
Retention
Entrapment efficiency
Obstacle density in channel
Threshold velocity required to move particle |
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Definition
| study of the physical processes of running water |
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| Quantification (hydrology) |
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Definition
1. Stage or gauge heights
2. Velocity
3. Discharge |
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Definition
| height above an established point |
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Definition
| rate of water movement past an established point (ft/s or m/s) |
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Definition
| volume of water movement past an established point. relationship with stage height allows for mathematical prediction of flow based on stage only. (ft3/s or m3/s) |
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| Discharge Measuring easy if: |
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Definition
1. Wadable
2. Straight channel
3. Banks straight sided or shallow
4. No tribs
5 No large obstructions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Transect perp to flow direction
2. Divide into cells
3. record depth at midpoint of each cell
(if D<60 cm: V @ .4D; if D>60cm: mean V @ .2 & .8D)
4. Adjust V per cell using a bed roughness correction factor (k) of 0.85.
5. Calculate discharge per cell (wxDxV)
6. Sum all discharges for total |
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Term
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Definition
1. lakes 2. ponds 3. bogs 4. swamps 5. inland seas (doesn't have to be fresh water) 6. tree holes 7. reserviors 8. flood plains 7&8 are transition points between standing and moving water |
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Term
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Definition
anything with a gradient where water is flowing down slope 1. rivers 2. streams 3. brooks 4. creeks 5. runs 6. springs (lotic b/c of continual influx of water) 7. seeps 8. cave systems |
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Term
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Definition
| both salt and freshwater systems. Many creatures living in estuaries evolved there because they need to be able to deal with the changes in salinity. |
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| Why is iceland nont icy but greenland isn't green? |
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Definition
| size and ocean currents. Iceland is too small so the influence of water currentns has a bigger impact and keeps it mild |
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Definition
| Biggest fresh water lake by area |
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