Term
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Definition
| Techtonic, Volcanism, Glacial, Solution, Oxbow, Beaver Dams, Temporary pond/lakes |
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Term
| Tectonic Lake Origins Main Forms |
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Definition
| Natural. 1) single or multiple faults (shifting of the earth's crust, plates come together and one gets pushed under or drops out) 2) seafloor uplift 3) reversal of fluvial drainage (sinking, rising, tilting) |
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Term
| Tectonic Lakes - single or multiple fault EXAMPLES |
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Definition
| Lake Tahoe, Lake Biwa, Lake Baikal, Rift Valley Lakes of eastern Africa (Nile River Valley, Lake Fanganyika & Lake Malawi) |
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Term
| Tectonic Lakes - sea floor uplift EXAMPLES |
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Definition
| Lake Okeechobee, Lake Chad, Caspian Sea(largest inland body of water globally), Aral Sea (desertification of lake's basin, as water volume declines, saline levels go up) |
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Term
| Tectonic Lakes - reversal of fluvial drainage EXAMPLES |
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Definition
| Lakes Kyoga and Victoria, Lake Titicaca, Reelfoot Lake (TN) |
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Term
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Definition
| aka New Madrid Seismic Zone. Deep-seated fracture in the crust trending southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the rift is about 45 miles wide and 190 miles long. The deep fracture is overlaid by thick layers of rock, which in turn are overlaid by deep, unstable alluvial material relating to the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. |
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Term
| Largest Earthquakes in American History |
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Definition
| Dec-Feb 1811-1812. Series of 3 earthquakes occurred near the frontier town of New Madrid, Mo each measuring greater than magnitude 8.0. Milder aftershocks occurred daily for more than a year. The first shock was felt from Canada to New Orleans and as far away as Boston, Mass., and Washington, D.C. In the end, some 3000 to 5000 square miles were visibly scarred with the effects -- causing such topographical changes as fissures, landslides, and upheavals, the creation and destruction of lakes and swamps, and the wasting or forests. |
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Term
| Volcanism Lakes Origins Main Forms |
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Definition
| Natural. 1)calderas (crater lakes) - filling of defunct volcanos 2) lava (damming fluvial valley, depressions in cooling lava) |
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Term
| Valcanism Lakes - Calderas EXAMPLES |
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Definition
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Term
| Glacial Lake Origins Main Forms (6) |
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Definition
| Cirque lakes, Paternoster lakes, fjords, Moraine Dams, Kettle Lakes, Cryogenic Lakes |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural Glacial Origins. Montane. Series of cirque lakes connected by streams. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural Glacial Lake Origins. Usually estuarine. Deep, glacially carved valleys now flooded by ocean/sea. Saquency River (QU), Lake Cheland (inland fjord in WA), bunch in Norway |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural Glacial Lake Origins. Moraine dams fluvial valley. Lake Winnebago, Lake Mendota, Finger Lakes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural Glacial Lake Origins. Glacial advance/retreat 'pits' in landscape |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural Glacial Lake Origins. Permafrost Landscape, depression exposed to melting. Found in Antarctic, Arctic, and subarctic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural. Soluble rock landscape. Esp. Limestone (CaCO3) Rock collapses and new basin fills with water. Usually at or below sea water |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural. Old meander of large river fills with fine sediment on both 'ends'. Generally Banana- shaped. |
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Term
| Temporary ponds/Lakes Origins |
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Definition
| Natural. Precipitation-dependant. Endorheic. |
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Term
| Temporary Lakes - EXAMPLES |
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Definition
| Playa lakes of W TX, upland ponds Mammoth Cave NP, |
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Term
| Anthropogenic Lake Origins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anthropogenic. Man-mad dams. Riverine drainage. |
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Term
| Reservoir Lake Origins EXAMPLES |
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Definition
| Hoover Dam, Ky Lake, Lake Barkley, Barron River Reservoir, Dale Hollow Lake. Quabbin Reservoir, Savage River Reservoir |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. direct absorption of solar radiation, heat transfer from air, condensation of vapor at surface, heat transfer from sediment, heat from spring water (in winter) |
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Term
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Definition
| conduction to air, evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| Solar radiation warms surface water, creating density differences (if differences are sharp enough, mixing is prevented). light:exponential loss with inc. depth., but shpae of exponential decay curve depends on terbitity. heat NOT distributed in similar manner for lakes > 10 m (sin function) |
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Term
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Definition
| 50% transmitted light in water used, mostly by green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) = 400-700 nm. Phytoplankton and aquatic plants use 2-60% of PAR. Blue and Red light used by chlorahpyll |
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Term
| Thermal Stratification - Summer 3 layers |
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Definition
| Epilimnion, mesolimnion, hypolimnion. Thermocline:rapid temperature change |
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Term
| Thermal Stratification - Temperate Zone Lake |
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Definition
| Moderately large and deep. Full ice cover in winter. Dimictic. Density differences are bigger in summer, lake doens't mix making lower layer heterotrophic, large net Oxygen consumption, fish kills, happens when you have early stratification |
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Term
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Definition
| lake that completely mixes twice |
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Term
| Thermal Stratification - Large Lakes |
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Definition
| Large, deep. Incomplete ice cover. Monomictic. |
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Term
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Definition
| lakes that continually mix through winter. |
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Term
| Thermal Stratification - Shallow Lakes |
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Definition
| >10 m. well-exposed to wind. Polymictic |
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Term
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Definition
| Layering continually formed, destroyed, reformed, etc. |
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Term
| Thermal Stratification - Cont ice covered Lake |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thermal Stratification - alternative systems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| entire lake volume mixes on annual basis |
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Term
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Definition
| entire lake volume cannot mix on annual basis |
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Term
| Meromictic Lakes Examples |
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Definition
| Lake Tanganyika (permanent thermocline: 400 m, seasonal thermoclines: 20-100 m) |
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Term
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Definition
Mixolimnion - circulating upper stratum
Monimolimnion - deeper stratum either perennially or periodically isolated |
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Term
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Definition
| Density differences are greater between warm waters than cool water (prevents mixing) 30-fld more energy required to mix water at 24 and 25˚C than at 4˚ and 5˚C |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of light penetrating certain depths creates lake structure or 'zones'. Generalized for holomictic lakes during summer. |
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Term
| Zonation through the Year |
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Definition
Summer-thermally stratified into three layers
Autumn-turnover, uniform temperature, unstratified
Winter - inverse stratification
Spring - turnover, uniform temperature, unstratified |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Euphotic Zone. Lake surface all the way down to 1% light penetration. region of net 02 produciton during day. Includes all of littoral zone. includes upper part of pelagic zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of lake with only 1% light penetration. depth where 02 produciton (during photosynthesis) approximates 02 consumption (during respiration). |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow, often wave-swept, rooted vegetation, periphyton |
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Term
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Definition
| open water, phytoplankton dominant 'plant' |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient light (<1% penetration), no photosynthesis, net o2 consumption, includes profundal zone. |
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Term
| Carbon and Oxygen Sources |
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Definition
Atmosphere at sea level = 760 mm Hg displaced
79% N2
20.8% O2
.033% CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| passive diffusion from air, turbulence over riffles or shorelines, photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
normal 6-8
naturally acidic 5-6 (poorly buffered, soft water)
naturally alkaline 8-10 (well buffered, hard water)
Anthropogenically acidified <5 (acid rain, acid mine drainage) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Generally only in montane regions. small, roundish, high elevation lakes. Glaciation creates natural levie (moraine) sediment and rock pushed foraward by glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| End point of where a glacier had been |
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Term
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Definition
hardwater, 'abundance' of CaCO3.
during high photosynthetic activity: precip. of CaCo3, whitish layers near shoreline, in suspension or as encrustment. CO2 removed as CaCO3. |
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Term
| If limestone is predominantly bedrock |
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Definition
rainwater enters lake water (Ca[2+] + 2HCO3[-])
Soluble (Ca[HCO2]3)
Precipitate (CaCO3) + Water + CO2 (taken up by water)
Durng the day reaction proceeds to right, until dark or when CO2 becomes limiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinograde, Orthograde, Heterograde, Anomalous |
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Term
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Definition
| productive lake = eutrophic |
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Term
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Definition
| unproductive lake - oligotrophic |
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Term
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Definition
| microbial decompsition, zooplankton grazing cause bump in O2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| colder water at bottom (heaiver) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) |
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Definition
rate of conversion of CO2 to organic C per unit surface area
=g C m(^-2)year(^-1) |
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Term
| Autrophic Respiration (RA) |
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Definition
| energy or carbon used for plant metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
GPP-RA
how much energy or carbon is stored as biomass |
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Term
| Heterotrophic Respiration (RH) |
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Definition
| how much energy or carbon is used for heterotrophic metabolism |
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Term
| Net Community Production (NCP) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Light, 2) Temperature 3) Plant nutrients N, P 4) Micronutrients (Si), 5) Precipitation (terrestrial) 6) Grazing |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in the energy of light due to absorption and scattering in the water column |
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Term
| Water Temperature and O2 Availability |
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Definition
| Colder water holds more oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
N,P. Autotrophs require C, N, and P in a fixed ratio
Limiting nutrient = element in shortest supply relative to demands for plant growth. Systems can be N, P or both N and P limited |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed ratios of C, N, and P -- 106:16:1 by atoms |
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Term
| Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide- seasonal changes |
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Definition
| Oxygen similar to temperature, but carbono dioxide is the opposite (high Carbon dioxide probably means anoxic area). Total inorganic carbon is less variable than carbon dioxide alone |
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Term
| Diel Changes (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) |
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Definition
| day by day changes. Oxygen lowest right before sunrise, highest around 2:00pm. Inverse relationship for Carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Very enriched systems. Not usually phosphours or nitrogen limited |
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Term
| Lake Productivity (plant nutrients) |
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Definition
| Typically P-limited. N inputs with rainfall and N-fixation via Cyanobacteria. Natural N:P ratios vary between 10:1 and 65:1. Typically not light-limited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eutrophic, Mesotrophic, Oligotrophic |
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Term
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Definition
| lakes with high nutrient levels, very productive |
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Term
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Definition
| lakes with moderate nutrient levels and productivity |
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Term
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Definition
| lakes with low nutrient levels and productivity |
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Term
| Stream Productivity (plant nutrients) |
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Definition
| Both N and P typically less limiting compared to lentic systems. Both N and P continually supplied from upstream sources (leaky open systems) N supplied form hyporheic zone and detritus. P supplied from sediment. Typical N-limited system characterized by low precipitation and hyporheic upwelling AND high P content in soils. E US streams typically more P-limited. Light typically more limiting compared to lakes. |
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