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| Difference between swamp and marsh? |
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| Swamp has woody vegetation; marsh does not. |
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| Biggest influence on coastal wetlands? |
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| Little water movement, high productivity/nutrients, salt tolerant species, eastern coastline and parts of Louisiana/Texas and one narrow belt around Alaska. |
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| Further inland from salt marsh, some estuary with a mix,less salt, more diversity, everglades, variety of grasses, lots of broadleaf plants. |
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| Mangrove is the most common tree, subtropical to tropical, toward tip of Florida, some in Louisiana and Texas. |
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| Make up 80% of all wetlands |
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| Includes prairie potholes, sandhill wetlands, playas, rainwater basin, and vernal pools |
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| Northern midwest, formed by wisconsin glacier that came down and melted, small (40-50 acres), huge production of insects, important: 50% of North American waterfowl come from here |
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| In Nebraska, a lot of sand dunes, low predipitation, holds water due to topography, Ogallala aquifer is underneath it, not very deep (2m), a stop over place for waterfowl migration. |
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| Primarily located in Texas, New Mexico, and the panhandle of Oklahoma, irrigation fills them but also brings insecticides, about 25,000 exist now, don't know how many used to, cows tear them up, small, dry up periodically, no fish, lots of invertebrates, 90% of all waterfowl use the playas, great for amphibians |
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| Partly formed by wind erosion, located in south-central Nebraska, little rainfall, maintained by periodic flood of river, major stop point for snow geese, 50% or more have been lost, snow geese are in danger as we lose the rainwater basins to evaporation and global warming/dams. |
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| Most ephemeral (here one time, gone the next), could be anywhere (mostly California), common in woodland areas, look like small ponds, good for amphibians and reptiles |
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| Nutrients come from an outside source: rainfall, flood, stream. Washed in, but washes out. |
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| Produces the nutrients within |
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| What happens to most herbaceous vegetation in a wetland? |
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| It is not eaten, it dies, sinks, and builds up |
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| Zone between terrestrial and aquatic, Periodically floods and dries out, woody vegetation and plants that can withstand temporary flooding |
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| Shallow water zone, can dry up, water for most of the year, root systems in water, but rest of plants out of water |
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| Always has water, at least 30cm in depth. |
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| What are the 3 zones a part of? As in where are they found |
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| Rivers, lakes, ponds, etc |
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| Annual flooding and drying of a wetland |
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| Come back year after year |
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| Big air pockets act as oxygen reserves. |
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| Stem grows above anaerobic layer quickly. Seen in rice, bald cypress. |
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| Roots come up through the ground to surface. |
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| Pores that allow more air flow |
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| Subtropical/tropical, floating plant, block the sun over ponds, they are a nuisance, used to treat sewage sometimes |
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| Purposefully grown to control erosion, chokes out other plants, have to spray to get rid of it |
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| Only naturally occuring lakes in oklahoma |
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| A group of populations that coexist an interact |
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| Group of species that exploit the same resource |
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| Group of species that preys on same food |
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| Plants as we think of them |
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| Feed on dead and decaying matter |
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| Feed on fine particulate organic matter by filtering |
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| Pierce and feed on plant tissue |
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| As a stream gets bigger, the functional feeding groups change in the following ways: |
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| Shredders decrease because less CPOM, Collectors increase because FPOM increases, Scrappers increase then level off, predators and filterers do not change much. |
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| Complete metamorphosis, most common with insects. Larva, Pupa, Adult |
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| Incomplete metamorphosis, not quite as drastic of a change |
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| Predatious, labrum characteristic in larva looks like mask, external wing pads |
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| Dragonflies: no external gills, head not wider than thorax and abdomen, 3-5 short pointed appendages visible at tip of abdomen (anal pyramid) |
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| Damselflies: Head wider than thorax and abdomen, 3 wide, plate-like gills at tip of abdomen. |
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| Signifies hide and wait predation |
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| Signifies active pursuit predation |
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| Mayflies: external gills, 3 (sometimes 2) filamentous appendages at tip of abdomen, abdominal gills past segment 3, 1 tarsal claw, adults only reproduce then die |
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| Ephemeroptera - Heptageniidae |
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| Flat body, flat square head |
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| Stoneflies: 2 appendages at tip of abdomen, thoracic gills often present, gills on abdomen never past segment 3, 2 tarsal claws, adults are weak fliers so they don't distribute well, spend most of life in larva form, adult lives up to a month |
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| "Half-Winged": with or without external wing pads (larva) or wings (adults), piercing/sucking jointed beak, anterior is harder and leathery, posterior is membranous with veins |
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| Caddis Flies: produce silk to cement things together, can either make a case of their own or use other material, most common aquatic invertebrate, mainly in streams, really small antenna, chewing mouthparts, one tarsal claw, ten abdominal segments |
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| Greatest number of aquatic larva, found everywhere |
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| Adults and larva aquatic, beetles, more lintic (lakes/streams) |
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| Largest family, hair on legs traps air to breathe |
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| Do not like soft water, aquatic forms in two groups (prosobranchia and pulmonates), 50-75% are considered snails of concern |
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| Internal gills, have external operculum (hardening of the foot), diecious but can vary |
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| Lack gills, have lungs, secondarily aquatic, lack operculum, monoecious. |
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| Odonata - Anisoptera: Dragonfly |
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| Odonata - Zygoptera: Damselfly |
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| Ephemeroptera - Heptageniidae |
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