Term
| What are the seven nutrient groups that you need for a balanced diet? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water. |
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Term
| What do you need carbohydrate for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we need fat in our diet? |
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Definition
| For energy, insulation and making cell membranes |
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Term
| What do you need protein for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we need fibre for? |
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Definition
| To keep the digestive system working well by keeping food moving through the system |
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Term
| What does malnourished mean? |
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Definition
| That you do not have a balanced diet. This can make you too fat or too thin or to have deficiency diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basal metabolic rate. This is the rate that chemical reactions happen in your body, when you are at rest. |
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Term
| How does age, amount of muscle and whether you are male or female affect your metabolic rate? |
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Definition
Young people have faster metabolic rates than older people.
The greater proportion of muscle to fat in your body, the higher the metabolic rate.
Men usually have a higher rate than women.
Metabolic rate is also influenced by inherited factors. |
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Term
| What is brown fat and why do babies have it? |
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Definition
Most fat is white. Babies have brown fat around their vital organs, which is a darker colour than white fat and has a very high metabolic rate.
Because babies have a small body, they lose heat quickly so brown fat can generate heat very quickly. |
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Term
| What diseases are you more likely to get if you are overweight? |
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Definition
| Arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the joints. It causes cartilage to wear away so bones grate against each other, causing pain and lack of mobility. |
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Term
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Definition
| An illness where people cannot control their blood sugar levels. |
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Term
| What problems does high blood pressure cause? |
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Definition
| It puts strain on the heart and increases the chance of blood vessels becoming damaged. |
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Term
| What problems are caused by starvation? |
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Definition
| People have lower resistance to infections. Women may find that their periods stop or become irregular. |
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Term
| Why does malnutrition usually affect small children before adults? |
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Definition
| Because the bodies of children are still growing. |
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Term
| What is kwashiorkor and why do children often get in when they stop feeding on breast milk? |
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Definition
| It is a disease caused by lack of protein in the diet. The stomach becomes swollen because fluid accumulates. Breast milk provides a balanced diet and parents in some countries can often not provide food with enough protein once the children stop breast-feeding. |
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Term
| Where is cholesterol made and why do we need it? |
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Definition
Cholesterol is made in the liver.
We need it to make cell membranes. |
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Term
| What influences the amount of cholesterol in your body? |
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Definition
| Diet and inherited factors, e.g. some people have their livers set to a “high switch” in making cholesterol and cannot control cholesterol by diet alone. |
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Term
| What is LDL and HDL cholesterol and which is good and bad? |
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Definition
LDL is low density lipoprotein. HDL is high density lipoprotein. This refers to the way that cholesterol is transported in blood, mixed with protein.
LDL is bad and HDL is good. |
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Term
| How do saturated and unsaturated fats affect cholesterol levels? |
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Definition
Saturated fats increase cholesterol.
Unsaturated fats decrease cholesterol and improve the LDL:HDL balance. |
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Term
| How can cholesterol cause a heart attack? |
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Definition
| A heart attack is when oxygen is prevented from reaching heart muscle. Cholesterol can build up on walls of blood vessels and decrease blood/oxygen flow. |
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Term
| What problem is caused by eating too much salt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are statins and how do they work? |
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Definition
Statins are drugs taken to decrease cholesterol levels.
They inhibit the enzymes that control cholesterol production in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that changes the chemical processes in the body. |
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Term
| Where do many drugs originally come from? |
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Definition
| Plants and other natural substances. |
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Term
| What does recreational use of drugs mean? |
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Definition
| When people take drugs not because they need them but because they make them feel different. |
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Term
| What does dependency mean? |
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Definition
| If you are dependent on a drug you constantly crave it. |
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Term
| What does addiction mean? |
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Definition
| If you are addicted to a drug you feel ill if you stop taking it. |
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Term
| What are withdrawal symptoms? |
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Definition
| Symptoms that you feel if you stop taking a drug that you are addicted to. These can include insomnia, watery eyes, sweating, feeling sick and feeling pain all over the body. |
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Term
| What was thalidomide originally used for? |
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Definition
| Treating insomnia. It was later used to relieve symptoms of morning sickness |
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Term
| What problems did thalidomide cause, leading it to be banned? |
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Definition
| If pregnant mothers took the drug, their babies were often born with short limbs or no limbs. |
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Term
| What is thalidomide now used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| When in the process of drug trialling is a drug tested for toxicity, i.e. to see if it is poisonous? |
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Definition
| The first stage of testing in the laboratory. |
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Term
| What are the different stages of drug testing on humans? |
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Definition
| After lab tests and tests on animals it is tested on healthy volunteers to look for side-effects. It is then tested on people with the illness that it is designed to treat to check that it works. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a pill or treatment that is given to some volunteers in a drug trial that will have no treatment value. It is used as a control to rule out any psychological effects of taking a pill to compare to the effect of taking the actual drug being trialled. |
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Term
| What illnesses can cannabis cause? |
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Definition
| Bronchitis, lung cancer and schizophrenia. |
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Term
| Why do some people take cannabis? |
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Definition
| It makes them feel happy and relaxed. Some take it claiming that it relieves symptoms of multiple sclerosis but no scientific research has proved this. |
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Term
| Where does heroin come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are heroin and cocaine described as hard drugs? |
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Definition
| Because they are dangerous and highly addictive. |
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Term
| Why do people suggest there is a link between taking cannabis and taking hard drugs? |
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Definition
| Because most people who take hard drugs have previously taken cannabis. |
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Term
| Why is morphine like heroin but why is it safe? |
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Definition
| They both come from opium poppies. It is used to relieve pain and because it is used in a very controlled way in hospitals people will not become addicted easily. |
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Term
| What are the short-term effects of drinking alcohol? |
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Definition
| It slows reactions and helps people relax. Too much may lead to lack of self-control, unconciousness or even coma. It can lead to death. |
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Term
| What are the longer term effects of drinking alcohol? |
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Definition
| The brain and liver become damaged as their cells are killed. The liver is damaged because it has the job of breaking down harmful substances in the body. |
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Term
| What is a depressant and a stimulant? |
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Definition
| Depressants, such as alcohol, slow down the activity of the brain. Stimulants, such as cocaine, speed up the activity of the brain. |
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Term
| What is the addictive substance in tobacco smoke? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lung diseases are caused by smoking cigarettes? |
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Definition
| Emphysema, bronchitis, lung cancer and a smoker’s cough (caused by a lot of mucus production) |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that may cause cancer. There are many carcinogens in tobacco smoke |
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Term
| Why is tar in cigarettes bad? |
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Definition
| It is a carcinogen and will stick to and damage the lungs. |
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Term
| What is the effect of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke? |
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Definition
| Tobacco smoke also contains carbon monoxide which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This can harm body cells. In pregnant women this can deprive a foetus of oxygen and lead to a low birth mass. |
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