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government's subjection to people: the doctrine that the people are sovereign and a government is subject to the will of the people
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| [image]. Belief in the primary importance of the individual and in the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence. |
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| Political and legal equality |
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| the creation pf society in which all indivivuals would be equal before the law[image] |
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| Global Influence of Enlightenment Values |
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| enlightenment thought constituted a serious challenge to longestablished notions of political and social order.Revolutionary leaders in europe and the americas readily adopted enlightenment ideas when justifying their efforts to overhaul the political and social structures they inherited.[image] |
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| Tightened British Control of the Colonies |
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| North American colonist became increasingly disenchanted with British imperial rule.British parliament passed legislation to levy new taxes and bring order to a far flung trading empire.[image] |
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| The Declaration of Independence |
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| the declaration drew inspiration from from enlightenment political thoughtin justifying the colonies quest for independence[image] |
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| Building an Independent State |
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| American leaders based the federal government on popular government sovereignty and they agreed to follow this written constitution that guaranteed indivivual liberties.[image] |
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| French revolutions also drew inspiration from enlightenment political thought but the french revolution was a more radical affair than its american counterpart[image] |
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| [image]prime minister to King Viottore Emmanuel2 2 of Piedmont and Sardinia combined forces with nationalist advocates of independence and a dashing soldier of fortune and a passionate nationalist led the unification movement |
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| representatives of the third estate took the dramtic ste of seceding from the estates general and proclaiming themselves to be the national assembly and undertook a broad program of political and social reform[image] |
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| Liberty Equality and Fraternity |
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| taking liberty equality and fraternity as its goaal the assembly abolished the old social order along with the many fees and labor services that peasants owed to their land lords.[image] |
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| a group of conservative men of property then seized power and ruled france uner a new institution[image] |
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| [image]Napolean brought politcal stability to a land torn by revolution and war.In1804 Napolean promulgated the Civil Code which helped stabilize french society. |
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| had many large communities of marroons (escaped slaves) who maintained their own societies and sometimes attacked plantations[image] |
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| august 1791 some twelve thousand slaves bean killing white settlers,burning homes,and destroying plantations[image] |
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| january1 1804 they proclaimed the established of haiti[image] |
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| mexican empire declared its own independence.They formed a central American Federation until 1838 then split into the independent states of Guatemala,El Salvador,Honduras,Nicaragua,and Coasta Rica.[image] |
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| Bolivar goal was to weld the the former Spanis colonies of Soth America inrto a great confederation like the United States in North America.[image] |
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| Pedro declared Brazilian Independence and accepted appointment as Emperor Pedro[image] |
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| creoles elites dominated Brazilian society just as they did in former Spanish colonies,Indeed independence brought little social change in Latin America[image] |
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| people who are reluctance to accept change unwillingness or slowness to accept change or new ideas[image][image] |
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| [image]progressive views a belief in tolerance and gradual reform in moral religious, or political matters the oppsite of conservatives |
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| American French and Hatian revolutions did the antislavery movement.leading spokesman was [image] |
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| movements to abolish slavery |
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| the abolition of slavery itself was a much bigger challenge than ending the slave trade because owners property rights in their slaves.Abolition brought legal freedom for African and African-American slaves,but it did not bring political equality[image] |
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| enlightenment ideals and women |
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| they pointed out that women suffered many of the same legal disabilities as slaves they had little access to education ,they could not enter professional occupations.[image] |
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| Mary Wollstonecraft.Some women supported the efforts of men by sewing uniforms,rollingbandages,ormanaging farmss,shops,and businesses.French revolution brought increased rights fo women.[image] |
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| europeans and euro americans people rose rose sharply during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that reflected the rising prosperity and standard of living that came with industrialization.[image] |
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| Zionism is a political movement among Jews (although supported by some non-Jews) which maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. [image] |
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| wave of rebellions inspired by nationalist sentiments swept through europe.[image] |
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| coal played a crucial role in the industrialization of Great Britian.Until the eighteenth century when wood came around[image] |
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| the iron and steel industries also benefitted from technological refinement and the avaiblility of inexpensive high quality iron and steel reinforced the move toward mechanization[image] |
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| [image]invention by James Watts they burned coal to boil water and create steam whch drove mechanical devices |
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| 1815 george stephenson built the first steam powered locomotive.Sailing ships remained the most effective means of transport over the seas[image] |
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| the factory system replaced both the putting out system and protoindustrial factories and became the characteristic method of production in industrial economies[image] |
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| machine centerd factories sparked violent protest.Luddites went on a rampage and destroyed textiles machines they blamed for their low wages[image] |
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| Industrialization in North America |
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| American industrialization began in the 1820's when entrepreneurs lured British craft workers to New England and built a cotton textile industry.[image] |
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| industrialization in Western Europe |
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| industrialization spread to France,Germany,Belgium, and the U.S.Germany proceeded more slowly than Belgian and French[image] |
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| [image]Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly line |
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| a coporation was a private business owned by hundreds,thousands or,even millions of indivivual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks representing shares in the company[image] |
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| [image]businesses were encouraged on a large scale |
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| [image]The Demographic Transitions |
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| refers to the shifting patterns of fertility and mortality |
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| its enviroment intensified enviromental pollution.It increased air pollution.[image] |
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| Transcontinental Migration |
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| workers moved from countryside to urban centers,rapid population growth inEurope encouraged massive migration to the Americas especially to the U.S[image] |
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| Industrialization brought among new classes it was the middle class consisting of small business owners factory managers,engineers,accountants,skilled employes of large companies[image] |
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| Increased stature and responsibiity in the industrial age as work dominated public life.Mens wages also constituted the bulk of their families income[image] |
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| women worked long hourse in preindustrial times.Agriculture and domestic manufacturing could easily accomodate womens dual role as mothers and workers.[image] |
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| work took children away form their home and parents for long hours with few breaks.they were beaten to stay awake.yet many families needed their childs wages to survive[image] |
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| a short spirited tract worte by Marx and Engels[image] |
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| sought to advance the quest for a just and equitable society.They struggled to eliminate abuses of early industrial society and improve workers lives by seeking higher wages and better working conditions for their members[image] |
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| Industrial societies needed minerals and raw materials and agricultural products[image] |
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